_____________
False Prophets
|
/ Blessed / To Be / Or / Not- Not to Be ? / False Prophets / To Be Put -Outside- of the Church /
|
/ To be or not to be ? / Not- Not To Be ? / Both of Them / That is the Answer to the Question ? /
|
/ Azarel - Dan/Moab / of / The Leech / of / Lod and Ono / of / Zech-ariah / of Buk-ki son of Jogli /
|
/ "He Said" / Language -You Cannot / Understand /
|
________________________________of________________________________
|
[ False Prophets and Teachers ]
|
/ Question ? Mark /
|
/ Matthias -Chosen to Replace Judas /
|
/ They Must / of / "you must rule over it.”/ of / Must Have /
|
/ Cast / of / Renounce / Denounce / of / Stone /
|
/ Canada / of / Slave - Free ? / of / US /
___________________________________
Seven -Chosen to Serve
Then some of those who-Belonged to the synagogue of the Feedmen (as it was called),
and
of the Cyrenians, and of the Alexandrians,
and
of those from Cilicia and Asia, rose up
and
disputed with Stephen.
__________________________________
- Acts 6:9
Then some of those who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen (as it was called),
Acts 6:8-10 (in Context) Acts 6 (Whole Chapter)
_________________________
/ Who are You ? a Follower of ? /
|
/ Show You the way / Follow the Black and Yellow -Brick- Road / of / Tomorrow /
|
/ But the unbelieving Jew -stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against-the brothers./
|
/ Measure / of / Measuring Line / of / Beyond Measure / of / Plumb Line / of / The Cord /
|
/ Vigor Unabated / of / The Coming Debate / of / Abate / Aba-Bait / Ate /
______________________________
What I mean is that each one of you says,
“I follow Paul,” or “I follow Apollos,” or “I follow Cephas,”
or
“I follow Christ.”
__________________________________
What I mean is that each one of you says, “I follow Paul,” or “I follow Apollos,” or “I follow Cephas,” or “I follow Christ.”
1 Corinthians 1:11-13 (in Context) 1 Corinthians 1 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations For when one says, “I follow Paul,” and another, “I follow Apollos,” are you not being merely human?
1 Corinthians 3:3-5 (in Context) 1 Corinthians 3 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
_____________________
[ The Crucifixion ]
And they compelled a passerby, Simon of Cyrene, who was coming in from the country,
the father of
Alexander and Rufus,
to carry his cross.
________________________ [ The Crucifixion ] And they compelled a passerby, Simon of Cyrene, who was coming in from the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to carry his cross.
Mark 15:20-22 (in Context) Mark 15 (Whole Chapter) Other Translations
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Who's Cross Are You Carrying?
Jesus Died and Rose from the Dead for You!
|
Jesus is Comming in Wrath "On that Day"
|
___The Bible
|
Who are The Leaders that crucified Jesus?
|
Jesus said:
“but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches and the desires for other things enter in and choke the word, and it proves unfruitful.”(Mark 4:19)
*********************************************************************************************
Paul said:
“But I am afraid that as the serpent deceived Eve by his cunning, your thoughts will be led astray from a sincere and pure devotion to Christ.”(2 Corinthians 11:3)
“See to it that no one takes you captive by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the world, and not according to Christ.”(Colossians 2:8)
“For such men are false apostles, deceitful workmen, disguising themselves as apostles of Christ.”(2 Corinthians 11:13)
******************************************************************
“but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches and the desires for other things enter in and choke the word, and it proves unfruitful.”(Mark 4:19)
*********************************************************************************************
Paul said:
“But I am afraid that as the serpent deceived Eve by his cunning, your thoughts will be led astray from a sincere and pure devotion to Christ.”(2 Corinthians 11:3)
“See to it that no one takes you captive by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the world, and not according to Christ.”(Colossians 2:8)
“For such men are false apostles, deceitful workmen, disguising themselves as apostles of Christ.”(2 Corinthians 11:13)
******************************************************************
Jesus is the way
- Matthew 8:22
And Jesus said to him, “Follow me, and leave the dead to bury their own dead.”
Matthew 8:21-23 (in Context) Matthew 8 (Whole Chapter)
___________
Centurion
____________
Matthew 27:54
When the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus, saw the earthquake and what took place, they were filled with awe and said, “Truly this was the Son of God!”
Matthew 27:53-55 (in Context) Matthew 27 (Whole Chapter)
When the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus, saw the earthquake and what took place, they were filled with awe and said, “Truly this was the Son of God!”
Matthew 27:53-55 (in Context) Matthew 27 (Whole Chapter)
________________
False Prophets
___________________________________
Seven -Chosen to Serve
Then some of those who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen (as it was called),
and
of the Cyrenians, and of the Alexandrians,
and
of those from Cilicia and Asia, rose up
and
disputed with Stephen.
__________________________________
_
- Acts 6:9
Then some of those who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen (as it was called), and of the Cyrenians, and of the Alexandrians, and of those from Cilicia and Asia, rose up and disputed with Stephen.
Acts 6:8-10 (in Context) Acts 6 (Whole Chapter)
______________________________
The Synagogue of the Freedmen
|
/ Founding Fathers /
|
/ Ptolema-ic / of / Publius / of / Syracuse,/ Sicily / of / Silesia / of / Cilicia / of / Seleu-cia /
|
/ Pagans / of / Pagiel / of / Areopagus / of / Silas / of / Pergamum / of / Ages / Past / Path /
_____________________________
Benjamin Franklin
Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in 1728.[77] It did not mention many of the Puritan ideas as regards belief in salvation, hell, the divinity of Jesus, and indeed most religious dogma. He clarified himself as a deist in his 1771 autobiography,[78] although he still considered himself a Christian.[79] He retained a strong faith in a God as the wellspring of morality and goodness in man, and as a Providential actor in history responsible for American independence.[80]
Deism (i/ˈdiːɪzəm/ US dict: dē′·ĭzm)[1][2] in the philosophy of religion is the standpoint that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is a creation and has a creator. Further the term often implies that this supreme being does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe. Deists typically reject supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending to assert that a god (or "the Supreme Architect") has a plan for the universe that this god does not alter by (regularly or ever) intervening in the affairs of human life. This idea is also known as the Clockwork universe theory, in which a god designs and builds the universe, but steps aside to let it run on its own. Deists believe in the existence of a god without any reliance on revealed religion, religious authority or holy books. Two main forms of deism currently exist: classical deism and modern deism.
The earliest known usage in print of the English term "deist" is 1621,[3] and "deism" is first found in a 1675 dictionary.[4][5] Deism became more prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment — especially in Britain, France, Ireland and North America — mostly among those raised as Christians who found they could not believe in supernatural miracles, the inerrancy of scriptures, or the Trinity, but who did believe in one God. The Founding Fathers of the United States were heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophies, and it is generally believed that many of them were deists.[6]
______________________
/ Shrines of Artemis /
|
/ Cabul-ist / of / Philosopher / of / Ashteroth-Karnaim / of / Nebo-(Karnebo) / of / Z-ion-ism /
|
/ Madai / of / Magog / of / Sy-Nod / of / Anuki / of / Gog / of / Synagogue / of / Satan /
|
/ Revelation 1 - 5 ( 2-3) /
|
/ Ephesians /
Acts 19
________
The Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine,
also commonly known as Shriners and abbreviated A.A.O.N.M.S., established in 1870, is an appendant body to Freemasonry, based in the United States. In 2010, the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, as well as Shriners North America, changed its name to Shriners International, now covering nearly 200 temples (chapters) across North America, South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. [1] The organization is best known for the Shriners Hospitals for Children it administers and the red fezzes that members wear. The organization is headquartered in Tampa, Florida.[2] Shriners International describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief and truth. There are approximately 340,000 members from 194 temples (chapters) in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the Republic of Panama, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Europe and Australia. On July 6, 2011, Shriners International commissioned Emirat Shriners of Heidelberg, Germany, as its 194th temple, and took the first steps toward forming a new temple in Mindanao, Philippines. [3]
also commonly known as Shriners and abbreviated A.A.O.N.M.S., established in 1870, is an appendant body to Freemasonry, based in the United States. In 2010, the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, as well as Shriners North America, changed its name to Shriners International, now covering nearly 200 temples (chapters) across North America, South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. [1] The organization is best known for the Shriners Hospitals for Children it administers and the red fezzes that members wear. The organization is headquartered in Tampa, Florida.[2] Shriners International describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief and truth. There are approximately 340,000 members from 194 temples (chapters) in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the Republic of Panama, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Europe and Australia. On July 6, 2011, Shriners International commissioned Emirat Shriners of Heidelberg, Germany, as its 194th temple, and took the first steps toward forming a new temple in Mindanao, Philippines. [3]
Membership
Despite its theme, the Shrine is not connected to Islam. It is a men's fraternity rather than a religion or religious group. Its only religious requirement is indirect: all Shriners must be Masons, and petitioners to Freemasonry must profess a belief in a Supreme Being. To further minimize confusion with religion, the use of the word "Temple" to describe Shriners' buildings has been replaced by "Shrine Center," although individual local chapters are still called "Temples." Until 2000, before being eligible for membership in the Shrine, a person had to complete either the Scottish Rite or York Rite degrees of Masonry,[8] but now any Master Mason can join.[9] Shriners count among their ranks presidents, senators, local business leaders, professional golfers, country music stars, astronauts and racecar drivers. [10] |
Architecture
Some of the earliest Shrine Centers often chose a Moorish Revival style for their Temples. Architecturally notable Shriners Temples include the New York City Center, now used as a concert hall, Newark Symphony Hall, The Landmark Theater (formerly The Mosque) in Richmond, Virginia, the Tripoli Shrine Temple in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Helena Civic Center (Montana) (formerly the Algeria Shrine Temple), and the Fox Theatre (Atlanta, Georgia) which was jointly built between the Atlanta Shriners and William Fox. |
______________________
Masons ans Craftsmen
_____________________
"Free Masonry"
T H E
CONSTITUTION,History, Laws, Charges, Orders,
Regulations, and Usages,
O F T H E
Right Worshipful F R AT ERNI T Y
O F A C C E P T E D
Free-Masons;
T H E
CONSTITUTION,History, Laws, Charges, Orders,
Regulations, and Usages,
O F T H E
Right Worshipful F R AT ERNI T Y
O F A C C E P T E D
Free-Masons;
In 1723, James Anderson wrote and published The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, For the Use of the Lodges in London and Westminster. This work was reprinted in Philadelphia in 1734 by Benjamin Franklin, who was that year elected Grand Master of the Masons of Pennsylvania.
*Note
1734 Before the Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776
The Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and ratified by conventions in each U.S. state in the name of "The People". It has been amended twenty-seven times; the first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights.[1][2]
Members of Great British Parliament that mandates control over the nations of the world were Freemasons. Most of the United States Presidents and Congress and Supreme Court Judges as well as other world leaders of the world Governments are members of the Freemasons as well
Including Paul Revere, American Revolutionary hero, St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, Massachusetts; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794-97.
They only needed to implement freemasonry in this country until the Central Banks were completely established with Roosevelt.
***********************************************************************************************************************
**********************************************************************************************************************
The History Scroll
Click on Link to read Chapter 12
This words of this website contain links
and this link to a pdf file contains pictures.
Some of what you read may be repeated do to the nature of the information that is collected.
This words of this website contain links
and this link to a pdf file contains pictures.
Some of what you read may be repeated do to the nature of the information that is collected.
United Grand Lodge of England
Chapter 12
Freemasonry in England
“To get around Roman laws banning secret societies and to allow their freedom of worship, Julius Caesar declared Synagogues were colleges.”
“Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to Dajjal. Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem after destroying the Al-Aqsa Mosque. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..." Many countries with a significant Muslim population do not allow Masonic establishments within their jurisdictions. However, countries such as Turkey and Morocco have established Grand Lodges, while in countries such as Malaysia and Lebanon there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge.
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1919, when the first lodge under the UGLE was opened in Basra, and later on when the country was under British Mandate just after the First World War. However the position changed in July 1958 following the Revolution, with the abolition of the Monarchy and Iraq being declared a republic, under General Qasim. The licences permitting lodges to meet were rescinded and later laws were introduced banning any further meetings. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein, the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations." With the fall of the Hussein government in 2003, a number of Lodges have begun to meet on military bases within Iraq. These lodges primarily cater to British and American military units, but a few have initiated Iraqis. Several Grand Lodges have expressed a desire to charter Lodges with completely Iraqi membership in the near future.
Regular Freemasonry has in its core ritual a formal obligation: to be quiet and peaceable citizens, true to the lawful government of the country in which they live, and not to countenance disloyalty or rebellion. A Freemason makes a further obligation, before being made Master of his Lodge, to pay a proper respect to the civil magistrates. The words may be varied across Grand Lodges, but the sense in the obligation taken is always there. Nevertheless, much of the political opposition to Freemasonry is based upon the idea that Masonry will foment (or sometimes prevent) rebellion.
**********************
Knights Templar
In Brief
When the Knights Templar was dismembered and later other affiliates arrived in America and formed an alliance with the freemason from England before the revolution.
The Knights Templar was original a Christian Order and it was over thrown do to outstanding loans that were owed by the King.
At the time of their arrest, the Order of the Temple, Knights Templar's had amassed great wealth, though not as much as the Knights Hospitaller or also know as Knights of Malta (disambiguation). When they were in the Holy Land and upon their return, they were exempt from all taxes and had many privileges. They loaned enormous amounts of money to the Kings of both England and France as well as many great nobles.
The final fall of the Templars may have started over the matter of another loan. The young Philip IV, King of France (also known as "Philip the Fair") had needed cash for his war with the English and asked the Templars for more money. They refused.
The Knights Templar is an international philanthropic chivalric order affiliated with Freemasonry.
History of the Knights Templar - Read the fall of the Knight is was a hostile takeover by the French and England.
Knights Templar (Freemasonry),
List of Knights Templar
Battle of Montgisard
Knights Templar legends
Grand Masters of the Knights Templar
Knights Templar Seal
Knights Templar and popular culture
Know the word philanthropic.
It is what is controlling (financing) our world beliefs of religion
From Freemasonry to now what is know Today as its lates form called UNESCO.
“so that we would not be outwitted by Satan; for we are not ignorant of his designs”(2 Corinthians 2:11)
Freemasonry was a deceptive means of creating an inter-governing body independent from government that could control and influence the outcome of government law in order to protect the Kingdoms finances and the relationship between the laws that governed people of the land and the true laws that would govern the people.
Freemasons
Thus, reference to the Supreme Being will mean the Christian Trinity to a Christian Mason, Allah to a Muslim Mason, Para Brahman to a Hindu Mason, etc. And while most Freemasons would take the view that the term Supreme Being equates to God, others may hold a more complex or philosophical interpretation of the term.
Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. Freemasonry now exists in various forms all over the world, with a membership estimated at around five million, including just under two million in the United States and around 480,000 in England, Scotland and Ireland. The various forms all share moral and metaphysical ideals, which include, in most cases, a constitutional declaration of belief in a Supreme Being.
The fraternity is administratively organised into Grand Lodges or sometimes Orients, each of which governs its own jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. Grand Lodges recognise each other through a process of landmarks and regularity. There are also appendant bodies, which are organisations related to the main branch of Freemasonry, but with their own independent administration.
Freemasonry uses the metaphors of operative stonemasons' tools and implements, against the allegorical backdrop of the building of King Solomon's Temple, to convey what has been described by both Masons and critics as "a system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols."
Membership and religion Freemasonry explicitly and openly states that it is neither a religion nor a substitute for one. "There is no separate Masonic God", nor a separate proper name for a deity in any branch of Freemasonry.
Regular Freemasonry requires that its candidates believe in a Supreme Being, but the interpretation of the term is subject to the conscience of the candidate. This means that Freemasonry accepts men from a wide range of faiths, including (but not limited to) Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Hinduism, etc.
Since the early 19th century, in the irregular Continental European tradition (meaning irregular to those Grand Lodges in amity with the United Grand Lodge of England), a very broad interpretation has been given to a non-dogmatic Supreme Being; in the tradition of Baruch Spinoza and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – or views of The Ultimate Cosmic Oneness – along with Western atheistic idealism and agnosticism.
The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia, known as the Swedish Rite, on the other hand, accepts only Christians.
General requirements Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason, a candidate must:
The Supreme Being and the Volume of Sacred Law
Candidates for regular Freemasonry are required to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. However, the candidate is not asked to expand on, or explain, his interpretation of Supreme Being. The discussion of politics and religion is forbidden within a Masonic Lodge, in part so a Mason will not be placed in the situation of having to justify his personal interpretation. Thus, reference to the Supreme Being will mean the Christian Trinity to a Christian Mason, Allah to a Muslim Mason, Para Brahman to a Hindu Mason, etc. And while most Freemasons would take the view that the term Supreme Being equates to God, others may hold a more complex or philosophical interpretation of the term.
In the ritual, the Supreme Being is referred to as the Great Architect of the Universe, which alludes to the use of architectural symbolism within Freemasonry.
A Volume of the Sacred Law is always displayed in an open Lodge in those jurisdictions which require a belief in the Supreme Being. In English-speaking countries, this is frequently the King James Version of the Bible or another standard translation; there is no such thing as an exclusive "Masonic Bible". In many French Lodges, the Masonic Constitutions are used instead. Furthermore, a candidate is given his choice of religious text for his Obligation, according to his beliefs. UGLE alludes to similarities to legal practice in the UK, and to a common source with other oath taking processes. In Lodges with a membership of mixed religions it is common to find more than one sacred text displayed.
Prince Hall Freemasonry Prince Hall Freemasonry derives from historical events in the early United States that led to a tradition of separate, predominantly African-American Freemasonry in North America.
In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall was initiated into an Irish Constitution military Lodge then in Boston, Massachusetts, along with fourteen other African-Americans, all of whom were free-born. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, form Processions on the days of the Saints John, and conduct Masonic funerals, but not to confer degrees, nor to do other Masonic work. In 1784, these individuals applied for, and obtained, a Lodge Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognized U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organized on a Grand Lodge system for each state.
Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities.
Prince Hall Masonry has always been regular in all respects except constitutional separation, and this separation has diminished in recent years. At present, Prince Hall Grand Lodges are recognized by some UGLE Concordant Grand Lodges and not by others, but they appear to be working toward full recognition, with UGLE granting at least some degree of recognition. There are a growing number of both Prince Hall Lodges and non-Prince Hall Lodges that have ethnically diverse membership.
The 1723 edition of the Constitutions was edited and reprinted by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1734 (online pdf edition), becoming the first Masonic book printed in America.
A new edition of the Constitutions was published in 1754, by John Entick. He reverted to the Charges as drawn up in 1723 into which, especially in the first Charge, Anderson had introduced various modifications in the 1738 edition. It is this edition of the Charges which forms the basis of the Ancient Charges to be found today in the Constitutions of the United Grand Lodge of England, with only small verbal modifications, except with regards to the first Charge on God and religion.
The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) is the main governing body of Freemasonry within England and Wales and in some countries, predominantly ex-British Empire and Commonwealth countries outside the United Kingdom. It is the oldest Grand Lodge in the world, deriving its origin from 1717. Together with the Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Grand Lodge of Scotland they are often referred to, by their members, as “the home Grand Lodges" or "the Home Constitutions".
“And the people of Israel did secretly against the LORD their God things that were not right. They built for themselves high places in all their towns, from watchtower to fortified city.”(2 Kings 17:9)
“Woe to the Chaldeans
Shall not all these take up their taunt against him, with scoffing and riddles for him, and say, “Woe to him who heaps up what is not his own— for how long?— and loads himself with pledges!””(Habakkuk 2:6)
“If a man sins against his neighbor and is made to take an oath and comes and swears his oath before your altar in this house, 23 then hear from heaven and act and judge your servants, repaying the guilty by bringing his conduct on his own head, and vindicating the righteous by rewarding him according to his righteousness.”(2 Chronicles 6:22-23)
“They hold fast to their evil purpose; they talk of laying snares secretly, thinking, "Who can see them?"”(Psalm 64:5)
“The wicked accepts a bribe in secret to pervert the ways of justice.”(Proverbs 17:23)
“For God will bring every deed into judgment, with every secret thing, whether good or evil.”(Ecclesiastes 12:14)
“For it is shameful even to speak of the things that they do in secret.”(Ephesians 5:12)
“[ False Prophets and Teachers ] But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction.”(2 Peter 2:1)
The Constitutions of 1723 The first section of the Constitution, on religion, stating that Masons can be of any faith and that they need only adhere to the Religion in which all Men agree, comes very close to the concept of a Natural Religion, a popular idea during the Enlightenment.
The first Charge in the Ahiman Rezon reads as follows:
The LORD Raises Adversaries
9And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned away from the LORD, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice 10and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the LORD commanded. 11Therefore the LORD said to Solomon, "Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. 12Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. 13However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen."
14And the LORD raised up an adversary against Solomon, Hadad the Edomite. He was of the royal house in Edom. 15For when David was in Edom, and Joab the commander of the army went up to bury the slain, he struck down every male in Edom 16(for Joab and all Israel remained there six months, until he had cut off every male in Edom). 17But Hadad fled to Egypt, together with certain Edomites of his father’s servants, Hadad still being a little child. 18They set out from Midian and came to Paran and took men with them from Paran and came to Egypt, to Pharaoh king of Egypt, who gave him a house and assigned him an allowance of food and gave him land. 19And Hadad found great favor in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he gave him in marriage the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen. 20And the sister of Tahpenes bore him Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh’s house. And Genubath was in Pharaoh’s house among the sons of Pharaoh. 21But when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers and that Joab the commander of the army was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh, "Let me depart, that I may go to my own country." 22But Pharaoh said to him, "What have you lacked with me that you are now seeking to go to your own country?" And he said to him, "Only let me depart."
23God also raised up as an adversary to him, Rezon the son of Eliada, who had fled from his master Hadadezer king of Zobah. 24And he gathered men about him and became leader of a marauding band, after the killing by David. And they went to Damascus and lived there and made him king in Damascus. 25He was an adversary of Israel all the days of Solomon, doing harm as Hadad did. And he loathed Israel and reigned over Syria.”(Kings 11:9-25)
Hadadezer
Zobah
“He despised the oath in breaking the covenant, and behold, he gave his hand and did all these things; he shall not escape. 19 Therefore thus says the Lord God: As I live, surely it is my oath that he despised, and my covenant that he broke. I will return it upon his head. 20 I will spread my net over him, and he shall be taken in my snare, and I will bring him to Babylon and enter into judgment with him there for the treachery he has committed against me.”(Ezekiel 17:18-20)
“But to them it will seem like a false divination. They have sworn solemn oaths, but he brings their guilt to remembrance, that they may be taken.”(Ezekiel 21:23)
“They utter mere words; with empty oaths they make covenants; so judgment springs up like poisonous weeds in the furrows of the field.”(Hosea 10:4)
“do not devise evil in your hearts against one another, and love no false oath, for all these things I hate, declares the Lord.”(Zechariah 8:17)
Oaths
“Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not swear falsely, but shall perform to the Lord what you have sworn.’”(Matthew 5:33)
“But I say to you, Do not take an oath at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God,”(Matthew 5:34)
“And do not take an oath by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black.”(Matthew 5:36)
“in vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.”(Mark 7:7)
Freemasonry in England
“To get around Roman laws banning secret societies and to allow their freedom of worship, Julius Caesar declared Synagogues were colleges.”
“Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to Dajjal. Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem after destroying the Al-Aqsa Mosque. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..." Many countries with a significant Muslim population do not allow Masonic establishments within their jurisdictions. However, countries such as Turkey and Morocco have established Grand Lodges, while in countries such as Malaysia and Lebanon there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge.
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1919, when the first lodge under the UGLE was opened in Basra, and later on when the country was under British Mandate just after the First World War. However the position changed in July 1958 following the Revolution, with the abolition of the Monarchy and Iraq being declared a republic, under General Qasim. The licences permitting lodges to meet were rescinded and later laws were introduced banning any further meetings. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein, the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations." With the fall of the Hussein government in 2003, a number of Lodges have begun to meet on military bases within Iraq. These lodges primarily cater to British and American military units, but a few have initiated Iraqis. Several Grand Lodges have expressed a desire to charter Lodges with completely Iraqi membership in the near future.
Regular Freemasonry has in its core ritual a formal obligation: to be quiet and peaceable citizens, true to the lawful government of the country in which they live, and not to countenance disloyalty or rebellion. A Freemason makes a further obligation, before being made Master of his Lodge, to pay a proper respect to the civil magistrates. The words may be varied across Grand Lodges, but the sense in the obligation taken is always there. Nevertheless, much of the political opposition to Freemasonry is based upon the idea that Masonry will foment (or sometimes prevent) rebellion.
**********************
Knights Templar
In Brief
When the Knights Templar was dismembered and later other affiliates arrived in America and formed an alliance with the freemason from England before the revolution.
The Knights Templar was original a Christian Order and it was over thrown do to outstanding loans that were owed by the King.
At the time of their arrest, the Order of the Temple, Knights Templar's had amassed great wealth, though not as much as the Knights Hospitaller or also know as Knights of Malta (disambiguation). When they were in the Holy Land and upon their return, they were exempt from all taxes and had many privileges. They loaned enormous amounts of money to the Kings of both England and France as well as many great nobles.
The final fall of the Templars may have started over the matter of another loan. The young Philip IV, King of France (also known as "Philip the Fair") had needed cash for his war with the English and asked the Templars for more money. They refused.
The Knights Templar is an international philanthropic chivalric order affiliated with Freemasonry.
History of the Knights Templar - Read the fall of the Knight is was a hostile takeover by the French and England.
Knights Templar (Freemasonry),
List of Knights Templar
Battle of Montgisard
Knights Templar legends
Grand Masters of the Knights Templar
Knights Templar Seal
Knights Templar and popular culture
Know the word philanthropic.
It is what is controlling (financing) our world beliefs of religion
From Freemasonry to now what is know Today as its lates form called UNESCO.
“so that we would not be outwitted by Satan; for we are not ignorant of his designs”(2 Corinthians 2:11)
Freemasonry was a deceptive means of creating an inter-governing body independent from government that could control and influence the outcome of government law in order to protect the Kingdoms finances and the relationship between the laws that governed people of the land and the true laws that would govern the people.
Freemasons
Thus, reference to the Supreme Being will mean the Christian Trinity to a Christian Mason, Allah to a Muslim Mason, Para Brahman to a Hindu Mason, etc. And while most Freemasons would take the view that the term Supreme Being equates to God, others may hold a more complex or philosophical interpretation of the term.
Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. Freemasonry now exists in various forms all over the world, with a membership estimated at around five million, including just under two million in the United States and around 480,000 in England, Scotland and Ireland. The various forms all share moral and metaphysical ideals, which include, in most cases, a constitutional declaration of belief in a Supreme Being.
The fraternity is administratively organised into Grand Lodges or sometimes Orients, each of which governs its own jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. Grand Lodges recognise each other through a process of landmarks and regularity. There are also appendant bodies, which are organisations related to the main branch of Freemasonry, but with their own independent administration.
Freemasonry uses the metaphors of operative stonemasons' tools and implements, against the allegorical backdrop of the building of King Solomon's Temple, to convey what has been described by both Masons and critics as "a system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols."
Membership and religion Freemasonry explicitly and openly states that it is neither a religion nor a substitute for one. "There is no separate Masonic God", nor a separate proper name for a deity in any branch of Freemasonry.
Regular Freemasonry requires that its candidates believe in a Supreme Being, but the interpretation of the term is subject to the conscience of the candidate. This means that Freemasonry accepts men from a wide range of faiths, including (but not limited to) Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Hinduism, etc.
Since the early 19th century, in the irregular Continental European tradition (meaning irregular to those Grand Lodges in amity with the United Grand Lodge of England), a very broad interpretation has been given to a non-dogmatic Supreme Being; in the tradition of Baruch Spinoza and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – or views of The Ultimate Cosmic Oneness – along with Western atheistic idealism and agnosticism.
The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia, known as the Swedish Rite, on the other hand, accepts only Christians.
General requirements Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason, a candidate must:
- Be a man who comes of his own free will.
- Believe in a Supreme Being (the form of which is left to open interpretation by the candidate).
- Be at least the minimum age (from 18–25 years old depending on the jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions the son of a Mason, known as a "Lewis", may join at an earlier age than others).
- Be of good morals, and of good reputation.
- Be of sound mind and body (Lodges had in the past denied membership to a man because of a physical disability; however, now, if a potential candidate says a disability will not cause problems, it will not be held against him).
- Be free-born (or "born free", i.e., not born a slave or bondsman). As with the previous, this is entirely an historical holdover, and can be interpreted in the same manner as it is in the context of being entitled to write a will. Some jurisdictions have removed this requirement.
- Be capable of furnishing character references, as well as one or two references from current Masons, depending on jurisdiction.
The Supreme Being and the Volume of Sacred Law
Candidates for regular Freemasonry are required to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. However, the candidate is not asked to expand on, or explain, his interpretation of Supreme Being. The discussion of politics and religion is forbidden within a Masonic Lodge, in part so a Mason will not be placed in the situation of having to justify his personal interpretation. Thus, reference to the Supreme Being will mean the Christian Trinity to a Christian Mason, Allah to a Muslim Mason, Para Brahman to a Hindu Mason, etc. And while most Freemasons would take the view that the term Supreme Being equates to God, others may hold a more complex or philosophical interpretation of the term.
In the ritual, the Supreme Being is referred to as the Great Architect of the Universe, which alludes to the use of architectural symbolism within Freemasonry.
A Volume of the Sacred Law is always displayed in an open Lodge in those jurisdictions which require a belief in the Supreme Being. In English-speaking countries, this is frequently the King James Version of the Bible or another standard translation; there is no such thing as an exclusive "Masonic Bible". In many French Lodges, the Masonic Constitutions are used instead. Furthermore, a candidate is given his choice of religious text for his Obligation, according to his beliefs. UGLE alludes to similarities to legal practice in the UK, and to a common source with other oath taking processes. In Lodges with a membership of mixed religions it is common to find more than one sacred text displayed.
Prince Hall Freemasonry Prince Hall Freemasonry derives from historical events in the early United States that led to a tradition of separate, predominantly African-American Freemasonry in North America.
In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall was initiated into an Irish Constitution military Lodge then in Boston, Massachusetts, along with fourteen other African-Americans, all of whom were free-born. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, form Processions on the days of the Saints John, and conduct Masonic funerals, but not to confer degrees, nor to do other Masonic work. In 1784, these individuals applied for, and obtained, a Lodge Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognized U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organized on a Grand Lodge system for each state.
Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities.
Prince Hall Masonry has always been regular in all respects except constitutional separation, and this separation has diminished in recent years. At present, Prince Hall Grand Lodges are recognized by some UGLE Concordant Grand Lodges and not by others, but they appear to be working toward full recognition, with UGLE granting at least some degree of recognition. There are a growing number of both Prince Hall Lodges and non-Prince Hall Lodges that have ethnically diverse membership.
The 1723 edition of the Constitutions was edited and reprinted by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1734 (online pdf edition), becoming the first Masonic book printed in America.
A new edition of the Constitutions was published in 1754, by John Entick. He reverted to the Charges as drawn up in 1723 into which, especially in the first Charge, Anderson had introduced various modifications in the 1738 edition. It is this edition of the Charges which forms the basis of the Ancient Charges to be found today in the Constitutions of the United Grand Lodge of England, with only small verbal modifications, except with regards to the first Charge on God and religion.
The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) is the main governing body of Freemasonry within England and Wales and in some countries, predominantly ex-British Empire and Commonwealth countries outside the United Kingdom. It is the oldest Grand Lodge in the world, deriving its origin from 1717. Together with the Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Grand Lodge of Scotland they are often referred to, by their members, as “the home Grand Lodges" or "the Home Constitutions".
“And the people of Israel did secretly against the LORD their God things that were not right. They built for themselves high places in all their towns, from watchtower to fortified city.”(2 Kings 17:9)
“Woe to the Chaldeans
Shall not all these take up their taunt against him, with scoffing and riddles for him, and say, “Woe to him who heaps up what is not his own— for how long?— and loads himself with pledges!””(Habakkuk 2:6)
“If a man sins against his neighbor and is made to take an oath and comes and swears his oath before your altar in this house, 23 then hear from heaven and act and judge your servants, repaying the guilty by bringing his conduct on his own head, and vindicating the righteous by rewarding him according to his righteousness.”(2 Chronicles 6:22-23)
“They hold fast to their evil purpose; they talk of laying snares secretly, thinking, "Who can see them?"”(Psalm 64:5)
“The wicked accepts a bribe in secret to pervert the ways of justice.”(Proverbs 17:23)
“For God will bring every deed into judgment, with every secret thing, whether good or evil.”(Ecclesiastes 12:14)
“For it is shameful even to speak of the things that they do in secret.”(Ephesians 5:12)
“[ False Prophets and Teachers ] But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction.”(2 Peter 2:1)
The Constitutions of 1723 The first section of the Constitution, on religion, stating that Masons can be of any faith and that they need only adhere to the Religion in which all Men agree, comes very close to the concept of a Natural Religion, a popular idea during the Enlightenment.
- I - Of GOD and RELIGION.
- A Mason is obliged by his Tenure, to obey the moral law; and if he rightly understands the Art, he will never be a stupid Atheist nor an irreligious Libertine. But though in ancient times Masons were charged in every country to be of the religion of that country or nation, whatever it was, yet it is now thought more expedient only to oblige them to that religion in which all men agree, leaving their particular Opinions to themselves: that is, to be Good men and True, or Men of Honor and Honesty, by whatever Denomination or Persuasion they may be distinguished; whereby Masonry becomes the Centre of Union and the Means of conciliating true Friendship among persons that must have remained at a perpetual distance.
- II - Of the CIVIL MAGISTRATES, supreme and subordinate.
- III - Of LODGES.
- IV - Of MASTERS, Wardens, Fellows and Apprentices.
- V - Of the Management of the CRAFT in working.
- VI - Of BEHAVIOR, viz.:
- 1. In the Lodge while constituted.
- 2. After the Lodge is over and the Brethren not gone.
- 3. When Brethren meet without Strangers, but not in a Lodge.
- 4. In Presence of Strangers not Masons.
- 5. At Home and in the Neighborhood.
- 6. Toward a strange Brother.
- I - Of GOD and RELIGION.
- A Mason is obliged by his tenure to observe the moral law as a true Noachide; and if he rightly understands the Craft, he will never be a stupid Atheist nor an irreligious Libertine, nor act against conscience. In ancient Times, the Christian Masons were charged to comply with the Christian usages of each country where they traveled or worked; being found in all nations, even of divers religions. They are generally charged to adhere to that religion in which all men agree (leaving each brother to his own particular opinions); that is, to be good men and true, men of honor and honesty, by whatever names, religions, or persuasions they may be distinguished; for they all agree in the three great articles of Noah, enough to preserve the cement of the lodge. Thus Masonry is the Center of Union, and the happy means of conciliating persons that otherwise must have remained at a perpetual distance.
The first Charge in the Ahiman Rezon reads as follows:
- CHARGE I. Concerning GOD and Religion.
- A Mason is obliged by his Tenure to believe firmly in the true Worship of the eternal God, as well as in all those sacred Records which the Dignitaries and Fathers of the Church have compiled and published for the Use of all good Men: So that no one who rightly understands the Art, can possibly tread in the irreligious Paths of the unhappy Libertine, or be induced to follow the arrogant Professors of Atheism or Deism; neither is he to be stained with the gross Errors of blind Superstition, but may have the Liberty of embracing what Faith he shall think proper, provided at all Times he pays a due Reverence to his Creator, and by the World deals with Honour and Honesty ever making that golden Precept the Standard-Rule of his Actions, which engages, To do unto all Man as he would they should do unto him: For the Craft, instead of entering into idle and unnecessary Disputes concerning the Different Opinions and Persuasions of Men, admits into the Fraternity all that are good and true; whereby it hath brought about the Means of Reconciliation amongst Persons, who, without that Assistance, would have remained at perpetual Variance.
- I - Of GOD and RELIGION.
- A Mason is obliged, by his tenure, to obey the moral law; and if he rightly understand the art he will never be a stupid atheist nor an irreligious libertine. He, of all men, should best understand that God seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh at the outward appearance, but God looketh to the heart. A Mason is, therefore, particularly bound never to act against the dictates of his conscience. Let a man's religion or mode of worship be what it may, he is not excluded from the order provided he believe in the glorious architect of heaven and earth, and practise the sacred duties of morality.
- Numbers 13:22
They went up into the Negeb and came to Hebron. Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the descendants of Anak, were there. ( Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.)
Numbers 13:21-23 (in Context) Numbers 13 (Whole Chapter) - Joshua 15:14
And Caleb drove out from there the three sons of Anak, Sheshai and Ahiman and Talmai, the descendants of Anak.
Joshua 15:13-15 (in Context) Joshua 15 (Whole Chapter) - Judges 1:10
And Judah went against the Canaanites who lived in Hebron (now the name of Hebron was formerly Kiriath-arba), and they defeated Sheshai and Ahiman and Talmai.
Judges 1:9-11 (in Context) Judges 1 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Chronicles 9:17
The gatekeepers were Shallum, Akkub, Talmon, Ahiman, and their kinsmen (Shallum was the chief);
1 Chronicles 9:16-18 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 9 (Whole Chapter)
The LORD Raises Adversaries
9And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned away from the LORD, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice 10and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the LORD commanded. 11Therefore the LORD said to Solomon, "Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. 12Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. 13However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen."
14And the LORD raised up an adversary against Solomon, Hadad the Edomite. He was of the royal house in Edom. 15For when David was in Edom, and Joab the commander of the army went up to bury the slain, he struck down every male in Edom 16(for Joab and all Israel remained there six months, until he had cut off every male in Edom). 17But Hadad fled to Egypt, together with certain Edomites of his father’s servants, Hadad still being a little child. 18They set out from Midian and came to Paran and took men with them from Paran and came to Egypt, to Pharaoh king of Egypt, who gave him a house and assigned him an allowance of food and gave him land. 19And Hadad found great favor in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he gave him in marriage the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen. 20And the sister of Tahpenes bore him Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh’s house. And Genubath was in Pharaoh’s house among the sons of Pharaoh. 21But when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers and that Joab the commander of the army was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh, "Let me depart, that I may go to my own country." 22But Pharaoh said to him, "What have you lacked with me that you are now seeking to go to your own country?" And he said to him, "Only let me depart."
23God also raised up as an adversary to him, Rezon the son of Eliada, who had fled from his master Hadadezer king of Zobah. 24And he gathered men about him and became leader of a marauding band, after the killing by David. And they went to Damascus and lived there and made him king in Damascus. 25He was an adversary of Israel all the days of Solomon, doing harm as Hadad did. And he loathed Israel and reigned over Syria.”(Kings 11:9-25)
Hadadezer
- 1 Chronicles 19:19
And when the servants of Hadadezer saw that they had been defeated by Israel, they made peace with David and became subject to him. So the Syrians were not willing to save the Ammonites anymore.
1 Chronicles 19:18-19 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 19 (Whole Chapter)
Zobah
- 1 Samuel 14:47
[ Saul Fights Israel’s Enemies ] When Saul had taken the kingship over Israel, he fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, against the Ammonites, against Edom, against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines. Wherever he turned he routed them.
1 Samuel 14:46-48 (in Context) 1 Samuel 14 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Samuel 8:3
David also defeated Hadadezer the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to restore his power at the river Euphrates.
2 Samuel 8:2-4 (in Context) 2 Samuel 8 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Samuel 8:5
And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadadezer king of Zobah, David struck down 22,000 men of the Syrians.
2 Samuel 8:4-6 (in Context) 2 Samuel 8 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Samuel 8:12
from Edom, Moab, the Ammonites, the Philistines, Amalek, and from the spoil of Hadadezer the son of Rehob, king of Zobah.
2 Samuel 8:11-13 (in Context) 2 Samuel 8 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Samuel 10:6
When the Ammonites saw that they had become a stench to David, the Ammonites sent and hired the Syrians of Beth-rehob, and the Syrians of Zobah, 20,000 foot soldiers, and the king of Maacah with 1,000 men, and the men of Tob, 12,000 men.
2 Samuel 10:5-7 (in Context) 2 Samuel 10 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Samuel 10:8
And the Ammonites came out and drew up in battle array at the entrance of the gate, and the Syrians of Zobah and of Rehob and the men of Tob and Maacah were by themselves in the open country.
2 Samuel 10:7-9 (in Context) 2 Samuel 10 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Samuel 23:36
Igal the son of Nathan of Zobah, Bani the Gadite,
2 Samuel 23:35-37 (in Context) 2 Samuel 23 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Kings 11:23
God also raised up as an adversary to him, Rezon the son of Eliada, who had fled from his master Hadadezer king of Zobah.
1 Kings 11:22-24 (in Context) 1 Kings 11 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Chronicles 18:3
David also defeated Hadadezer king of Zobah-Hamath, as he went to set up his monument at the river Euphrates.
1 Chronicles 18:2-4 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 18 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Chronicles 18:5
And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadadezer king of Zobah, David struck down 22,000 men of the Syrians.
1 Chronicles 18:4-6 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 18 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Chronicles 18:9
When Tou king of Hamath heard that David had defeated the whole army of Hadadezer, king of Zobah,
1 Chronicles 18:8-10 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 18 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Chronicles 19:6
When the Ammonites saw that they had become a stench to David, Hanun and the Ammonites sent 1,000 talents of silver to hire chariots and horsemen from Mesopotamia, from Aram-maacah, and from Zobah.
1 Chronicles 19:5-7 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 19 (Whole Chapter) - 2 Chronicles 8:3
And Solomon went to Hamath-zobah and took it.
2 Chronicles 8:2-4 (in Context) 2 Chronicles 8 (Whole Chapter) - Psalm 60:1
[ He Will Tread Down Our Foes ] To the choirmaster: according to Shushan Eduth. A Miktam of David; for instruction; when he strove with Aram-naharaim and with Aram-zobah, and when Joab on his return struck down twelve thousand of Edom in the Valley of Salt. O God, you have rejected us, broken our defenses;you have been angry; oh, restore us.
Psalm 60:1-3 (in Context) Psalm 60 (Whole Chapter)
“He despised the oath in breaking the covenant, and behold, he gave his hand and did all these things; he shall not escape. 19 Therefore thus says the Lord God: As I live, surely it is my oath that he despised, and my covenant that he broke. I will return it upon his head. 20 I will spread my net over him, and he shall be taken in my snare, and I will bring him to Babylon and enter into judgment with him there for the treachery he has committed against me.”(Ezekiel 17:18-20)
“But to them it will seem like a false divination. They have sworn solemn oaths, but he brings their guilt to remembrance, that they may be taken.”(Ezekiel 21:23)
“They utter mere words; with empty oaths they make covenants; so judgment springs up like poisonous weeds in the furrows of the field.”(Hosea 10:4)
“do not devise evil in your hearts against one another, and love no false oath, for all these things I hate, declares the Lord.”(Zechariah 8:17)
Oaths
“Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not swear falsely, but shall perform to the Lord what you have sworn.’”(Matthew 5:33)
“But I say to you, Do not take an oath at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God,”(Matthew 5:34)
“And do not take an oath by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black.”(Matthew 5:36)
“in vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.”(Mark 7:7)
___________________
Proselyte
______________________
A righteous proselyte[5] was a Gentile who had converted to Judaism, was bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish economy, and was considered a full member of the Jewish people. They were to be circumcised and immersed in a mikvah should they wish to eat of the Passover sacrifice. A gate proselyte[6] was a "resident alien" who lived in the Land of Israel and followed some of the customs. They were not required to be circumcised nor to comply with the whole of the Torah. They were bound only to conform to the seven precepts of Noah, the Noahide Laws: do not worship idols, do not blaspheme God's name, do not murder, do not commit immoral sexual acts, do not steal, do not tear the limb from a living animal, and do not fail to establish courts of justice.
- Matthew 23:15
Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you travel across sea and land to make a single proselyte, and when he becomes a proselyte, you make him twice as much a child of hell as yourselves.
Matthew 23:14-16 (in Context) Matthew 23 (Whole Chapter) - Acts 2:11
both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabians—we hear them telling in our own tongues the mighty works of God.”
Acts 2:10-12 (in Context) Acts 2 (Whole Chapter) - Acts 6:5
And what they said pleased the whole gathering, and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch.
Acts 6:4-6 (in Context) Acts 6 (Whole Chapter)
_____________________________
Freemasonry
The Seven Laws of Noah / Noahide Laws
_________________________________
The Seven Laws of Noah (Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח Sheva mitzvot B'nei Noach), often referred to as the Noahide Laws or Noachide Code, are a set of seven moral imperatives that, according to the Talmud, were given by God to Noah as a binding set of laws for all mankind. According to Judaism any non-Jew who lives according to these laws is regarded as a Righteous Gentile and is assured of a place in the world to come (Olam Haba), the Jewish concept of heaven. Adherents are often called "B'nei Noach" (Children of Noah) or "Noahides" and may often network in Jewish synagogues.
The seven laws listed by the Tosefta and the Talmud are
While some Jewish organizations, such as Chabad have worked to promote the acceptance of Noahide laws, there are no figures for how many actually do.
In recent years, the term "Noahide" has come to refer to non-Jews who strive to live in accord with the seven Noahide Laws; the terms "observant Noahide" or "Torah-centered Noahides" would be more precise but are infrequently used. The rainbow, referring to the Noahide or First Covenant (Genesis 9), is the symbol of many organized Noahide groups, following Genesis 9:12-17. A non-Jewish person of any ethnicity or religion is referred to as a bat ("daughter") or ben ("son") of Noah, but most organizations that call themselves בני נח (b'nei noach) are composed of gentiles who are keeping the Noahide Laws.
******************************************
These are not the teachings of the Bible that we were told by God the father given to us by Moses.
"These are the commandments that the LORD commanded Moses for the people of Israel on Mount Sinai."(Leviticus 27:34)
These laws Gnostic views have come from the synagogues of Satan that killed John and Paul.
“They have sworn solemn oaths, but he brings their guilt to remembrance, that they may be taken.”(Ezekiel 21:23)
“the houses of Achzib shall be a deceitful thing
to the kings of Israel.”(Mic. 1:14)
Achziv - "falsehood".
****************************************
King David added the city into his Kingdom, but King Solomon returned it to Hiram as part of the famous pact.
In Masonic tradition Hiram I is considered one of three founding Grand Masters of the fraternity. He appears in Masonic ritual as the provider of materials, money and craftsmen for the construction of Solomon's Temple. This comes from the Biblical account of the alliance between Solomon's Israel and Hiram I's Tyre. In Masonic legend, King Hiram is said to have sent his most skilled master craftsman, Hiram Abiff, to serve as the construction's foreman.. Masonic tradition expands on the few, short Biblical references and creates an allegory that is not purported to be factual.
Part of a series of articles on
Freemasonry
Core Articles
Freemasonry · Grand Lodge · Masonic Lodge · Masonic Lodge Officers · Grand Master · Prince Hall Freemasonry · Regular Masonic jurisdictions
History
History of Freemasonry · Liberté chérie · Masonic manuscripts
Masonic Bodies
Masonic
Masonic bodies · York Rite · Order of Mark Master Masons · Holy Royal Arch · Royal Arch Masonry · Cryptic Masonry · Knights Templar · Scottish Rite · Knight Kadosh · The Shrine · Tall Cedars of Lebanon · The Grotto · Societas Rosicruciana · Grand College of Rites · Swedish Rite · Order of St. Thomas of Acon · Royal Order of Scotland · Research Lodge
Masonic groups for women
Women and Freemasonry · Order of the Amaranth · Order of the Eastern Star · Co-Freemasonry
Masonic Youth Organizations
DeMolay · A.J.E.F. · Job's Daughters · International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
Views of Masonry
Anti-Masonry · Anti-Masonic Party · Anti-Freemason Exhibition · Christianity and Freemasonry · Catholicism and Freemasonry · Suppression of Freemasonry · Masonic conspiracy theories · Taxil hoax
People and Places
James Anderson · Albert Mackey · Albert Pike · Prince Hall · John the Evangelist · John the Baptist · William Schaw · Elizabeth Aldworth · List of Freemasons · Lodge Mother Kilwinning · Freemasons' Hall, London · House of the Temple · Solomon's Temple · Detroit Masonic Temple
King Hiram
Hiram Abiff is a character who figures prominently in an allegorical play that is presented during the third degree of Craft Freemasonry. In this play, Hiram is presented as being the chief architect of King Solomon's Temple, who is murdered by three ruffians during an unsuccessful attempt to force him to divulge the Master Masons' secret password. It is explained in the lecture that follows this play that the story is a lesson in fidelity to one's word, and in the brevity of life.
Numerous scholars, both Masonic and non-Masonic, have speculated that the character may have been based upon one or more Hirams that appear in the Bible. For example, in the Masonic ritual Hiram is referred to as 'the Widow's Son,' which is similar to a biblical reference to a Hiram found in 1 Kings 7:13–14.
Hirams in the Bible The name "Hiram Abiff" does not appear as such in the Bible, but there are three references to people named Hiram that are present:
Other accounts of a Biblical Hiram Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews (Chapter 3:76) refers to Hiram as an Artificer. "Now Solomon sent for an artificer out of Tyre, whose name was Hiram: he was by birth of the tribe of Naphtali, on his mother's side (for she was of that tribe); but his father was Ur, of the stock of the Israelites."
Other theories According to authors Robert Lomas and Christopher Knight, Hiram Abiff would have been Egyptian king Seqenenre Tao II, who met an extremely similar death. This idea is dismissed by most Masonic scholars.
“The sons of Benjamin according to their clans: of Bela, the clan of the Belaites; of Ashbel, the clan of the Ashbelites; of Ahiram, the clan of the Ahiramites;”(Numbers 26:38)
“And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, also carpenters and masons who built David a house.”(2 Samuel 5:11)
“Preparations for Building the Temple
[1] Now Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants to Solomon when he heard that they had anointed him king in place of his father, for Hiram always loved David.”(1 Kings 5:1)
[1]Ch 5:15 in Hebrew
“And Solomon sent word to Hiram,”(1 Kings 5:2)
“As soon as Hiram heard the words of Solomon, he rejoiced greatly and said, “Blessed be the Lord this day, who has given to David a wise son to be over this great people.””(1 Kings 5:7)
“And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, “I have heard the message that you have sent to me. I am ready to do all you desire in the matter of cedar and cypress timber.”(1 Kings 5:8)
“So Hiram supplied Solomon with all the timber of cedar and cypress that he desired,” (1 Kings 5:10)
“while Solomon gave Hiram 20,000 cors[1] of wheat as food for his household, and 20,000[2] cors of beaten oil. Solomon gave this to Hiram year by year.”(1 Kings 5:11)
[1]A cor was about 6 bushels or 220 liters [2]Septuagint; Hebrew twenty
“And the Lord gave Solomon wisdom, as he promised him. And there was peace between Hiram and Solomon, and the two of them made a treaty.”(1 Kings 5:12)
1 Kings 5:18(Show 1 Kings 5)
“So Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders and the men of Gebal did the cutting and prepared the timber and the stone to build the house.”(1 Kings 5:18)
“The Temple Furnishings
And King Solomon sent and brought Hiram from Tyre.”(1 Kings 7:13)
“Hiram also made the pots, the shovels, and the basins. So Hiram finished all the work that he did for King Solomon on the house of the Lord:”(1 Kings 7:40)
“Now the pots, the shovels, and the basins, all these vessels in the house of the Lord, which Hiram made for King Solomon, were of burnished bronze.”(1 Kings 7:45)
“and Hiram king of Tyre had supplied Solomon with cedar and cypress timber and gold, as much as he desired, King Solomon gave to Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee.”(1 Kings 9:11)
“But when Hiram came from Tyre to see the cities that Solomon had given him, they did not please him.”(1 Kings 9:12)
“Hiram had sent to the king 120 talents[1] of gold.”(1 Kings 9:14)
[1]A talent was about 75 pounds or 34 kilograms
“And Hiram sent with the fleet his servants, seamen who were familiar with the sea, together with the servants of Solomon.”(1 Kings 9:27)
“Moreover, the fleet of Hiram, which brought gold from Ophir, brought from Ophir a very great amount of almug wood and precious stones.”(1 Kings 10:11)
“For the king had a fleet of ships of Tarshish at sea with the fleet of Hiram. Once every three years the fleet of ships of Tarshish used to come bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.[1] “(1 Kings 10:22)
[1]Or baboons
“Malchiram, Pedaiah, Shenazzar, Jekamiah, Hoshama and Nedabiah;”(1 Chronicles 3:18)
“David's Wives and Children
And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, also masons and carpenters to build a house for him.”(1 Chronicles 14:1)
“And Solomon sent word to Hiram the king of Tyre: “As you dealt with David my father and sent him cedar to build himself a house to dwell in, so deal with me.”(2 Chronicles 2:3)
“Then Hiram the king of Tyre answered in a letter that he sent to Solomon, “Because the Lord loves his people, he has made you king over them.””(2 Chronicles 2:11)
“Hiram also said, “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, who made heaven and earth, who has given King David a wise son, who has discretion and understanding, who will build a temple for the Lord and a royal palace for himself.”(2 Chronicles 2:12)
“Now I have sent a skilled man, who has understanding, Huram-abi, 14 the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre. He is trained to work in gold, silver, bronze, iron, stone, and wood, and in purple, blue, and crimson fabrics and fine linen, and to do all sorts of engraving and execute any design that may be assigned him, with your craftsmen, the craftsmen of my lord, David your father.”(2 Chronicles 2:13-14)
“Hiram also made the pots, the shovels, and the basins. So Hiram finished the work that he did for King Solomon on the house of God:”(2 Chronicles 4:11)
“Solomon rebuilt the cities that Hiram had given to him, and settled the people of Israel in them.”(2 Chronicles 8:2)
“And Hiram sent to him by the hand of his servants ships and servants familiar with the sea, and they went to Ophir together with the servants of Solomon and brought from there 450 talents[1] of gold and brought it to King Solomon.”(2 Chronicles 8:18)
[1]A talent was about 75 pounds or 34 kilograms
“Moreover, the servants of Hiram and the servants of Solomon, who brought gold from Ophir, brought algum wood and precious stones.”(2 Chronicles 9:10)
“For the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Hiram. Once every three years the ships of Tarshish used to come bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.[1]”(2 Chronicles 9:21)
[1]Or baboons
Members of Great British Parliament that mandates control over the nations of the world were Freemasons. Most of the United States Presidents and Congress and Supreme Court Judges as well as other world leaders of the world Governments are members of the Freemasons as well
Including Paul Revere, American Revolutionary hero, St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, Massachusetts; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794-97.
They only needed to implement freemasonry in this country until the Central Banks were completely established with Roosevelt.
Here is a list of some:
A
George Washington Thomas Jefferson…..Franklin D. Roosevelt…..
You will be amazed at how many when you start to look. These people nominate one another and they make all the decisions that we are not allowed to make for ourselves. We have been deceived just as the Jesus and Apostles have warned us.
We are at the end of times and it is time to wake up.
Search these names see what you find. They are all friend of their own organizations.
“President Roosevelt appointed eight Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, more than any other President except George Washington, who appointed ten. By 1941, eight of the nine Justices were Roosevelt appointees. Harlan Fiske Stone was elevated to Chief Justice from the position of Associate Justice by Roosevelt.
George Washington Appointees:
United States Supreme Court Justices Justice
Seat
State
Began active
service
Ended active
service
Blair, Jr., JohnJohn Blair, Jr.
Seat 3
Virginia
01789-09-30 September 30, 1789
01795-10-25 October 25, 1795 (Freemason)
Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase
Seat 3
Maryland
01796-01-27 January 27, 1796
01811-06-19 June 19, 1811
Cushing, WilliamWilliam Cushing
Seat 2
Massachusetts
01789-09-27 September 27, 1789
01810-09-13 September 13, 1810
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth
Chief Justice
Connecticut
01796-03-04 March 4, 1796
01800-09-30 September 30, 1800 (Freemason)
Iredell, JamesJames Iredell
Seat 5
North Carolina
01790-02-10 February 10, 1790
01799-10-20 October 20, 1799
Jay, JohnJohn Jay
Chief Justice
New York
01789-09-26 September 26, 1789
01795-06-29 June 29, 1795 (Freemason)
Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson
Seat 4
Maryland
01791-08-05 August 5, 1791
01793-01-16 January 16, 1793
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson
Seat 4
New Jersey
01793-03-04 March 4, 1793
01806-09-09 September 9, 1806 (Freemason)
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
Seat 4
South Carolina
01789-09-26 September 26, 1789
01791-03-05 March 5, 1791(Freemason)
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
Chief Justice
South Carolina
01795-07-01 July 1, 1795
01795-12-28 December 28, 1795 (Freemason)
Wilson, JamesJames Wilson
Seat 1
Pennsylvania
01789-09-29 September 29, 1789
01798-08-21 August 21, 1798 (Freemason)
Seven out of ten appointed one reappointed
Roosevelt Appointees:
Hugo Black– 1937 (Freemason)
Stanley Forman Reed– 1938 (Freemason)
Felix Frankfurter– 1939
William O. Douglas– 1939 (Freemason)
Frank Murphy– 1940 (Freemason)
Harlan Fiske Stone (Chief Justice) – 1941 (Freemason)
James Francis Byrnes– 1941 (Freemason)
Robert H. Jackson– 1941 (Freemason)
Wiley Blount Rutledge– 1943
Roosevelt's appointees would not share ideologies, and some, like Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter, would become "lifelong adversaries." Frankfurter even labeled his more liberal colleagues Rutledge, Murphy, Black, and Douglas as part of an "Axis" of opposition to his judicially conservative agenda.”(9)
Out of the 8 that he appointed 7 were members of the Freemasons.
This is clearly deception at work by our leaders of Government.
In September 1940, during the general election campaign, Truman was elected Grand Master of the Missouri Grand Lodge of Freemasonry. In November of that year, he defeated Kansas City State Senator Manvel H. Davis by over 40,000 votes and retained his Senate seat. Truman said later that the Masonic election assured his victory in the general election over State Senator Davis.
“Their tongue is a deadly arrow; it speaks deceitfully; with his mouth each speaks peace to his neighbor, but in his heart he plans an ambush for him.”(Jeremiah 9:8)
European influence in Afghanistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
History of Afghanistan
See also
Ariana · Khorasan
Timeline
Pre-Islamic period [show]
Bactria-Margiana (2200–1700 BC)
Kambojas (?-550 BC)
Median Empire (728–550 BC)
Achaemenids (550–330 BC)
Seleucids (330–150 BC)
Mauryans (305–180 BC)
Greco-Bactrians (256–125 BC)
Indo-Greeks (180–130 BC)
Indo-Scythians (Sakas) (155–80? BC)
Indo-Parthians (20 BC-50? AD)
Kushans (135 BC-248 AD)
Sassanids (230–565)
Indo-Sassanids (248–410)
Kidarites (320–465)
Hephthalites (410–557)
Kabul Shahi (565–879)
Islamic conquest [show]
Rashidun Caliphate (642–641)
Umayyads (661–750)
Abbasids (750–821)
Tahirids (821–873)
Saffarids (863–900))
Samanids (875–999)
Ghaznavids (963–1187)
Seljukids (1037–1194)
Khwarezmids (1077–1231)
Ghorids (1149–1212)
Ilkhanate (1258–1353)
Kartids (1245–1381)
Timurids (1370–1506)
Mughals (1501–1738)
Safavids (1510–1709)
Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738)
Afsharids (1738–1747)
Modern history [show]
Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
Barakzai dynasty (1826–1973)
Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
Democratic Republic (1978–1992)
Islamic State (1992–1996)
Islamic Emirate (1996–2001)
Islamic Republic (2001–)
Afghan Civil War
1979–1989
1989–1992
1992–1996
1996–2001
2001–present
Book · Category · Portal
The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political, social, and sometimes imperialistic influence several European nations have had on this historical development of Afghanistan.
Rise of Dost Mohammad Khan Main article: Emirate of Afghanistan
In 1823, with the end of the Durrani Empire, Dost Mohammad Khan became the Emir of Afghanistan. It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad Khan was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself the Shah.
Dost Mohammad Khan with one of his sons.
Dost Mohammad achieved prominence among his brothers through clever use of the support of his mother's Qizilbash[citation needed] tribesmen and his own youthful apprenticeship under his brother, Fateh Khan. Among the many problems he faced was repelling Sikh encroachment on the Pashtun areas east of the Khyber Pass. After working assiduously to establish control and stability in his domains around Kabul, the Shah next chose to confront the Sikhs.
In 1834 Dost Mohammad defeated an invasion by the former ruler, Shuja Shah Durrani, but his absence from Kabul gave the Sikhs the opportunity to expand westward. Ranjit Singh's forces occupied Peshawar, moving from there into territory ruled directly by Kabul. In 1836 Dost Mohammad's forces, under the command of his son Mohammad Akbar Khan, defeated the Sikhs at Jamrud, a post fifteen kilometres west of Peshawar. This was a pyrrhic victory and they failed to fully dislodge the Sikhs from Jamrud. The Afghan leader did not follow up this triumph by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead contacted Lord Auckland, the new British governor general in British India, for help in dealing with the Sikhs. With this letter, Dost Mohammad formally set the stage for British intervention in Afghanistan. At the heart of the Great Game lay the willingness of Britain and Russia to subdue, subvert, or subjugate the small independent states that lay between Russia and British India.
The Great Game Main article: The Great Game
Shuja Shah Durrani, sitting at his Palace inside the Bala Hissar in Kabul.
The British became the major power in the Indian sub-continent after the Treaty of Paris (1763) and began to show interest in Afghanistan as early as their 1809 treaty with Shuja Shah Durrani. It was the threat of the expanding Russian Empire beginning to push for an advantage in the Afghanistan region that placed pressure on British India, in what became known as the "Great Game". The Great Game set in motion the confrontation of the British and Russian empires, whose spheres of influence moved steadily closer to one another until they met in Afghanistan. It also involved Britain's repeated attempts to impose a puppet government in Kabul. The remainder of the 19th century saw greater European involvement in Afghanistan and her surrounding territories and heightened conflict among the ambitious local rulers as Afghanistan's fate played out globally.
The débâcle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to South Asia. In the early decades of the 19th century, it became clear to the British that the major threat to their interests in India would not come from the fragmented Afghan empire, the Iranians, or the French, but from the Russians, who had already begun a steady advance southward from the Caucasus.
At the same time, the Russians feared permanent British occupation in Central Asia as the British encroached northward, taking the Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir; later to become Pakistan. The British viewed Russia's absorption of the Caucasus, the Kyrgyz and Turkmen lands, the Khanate of Khiva, and the Emirate of Bukhara with equal suspicion as a threat to their interests in the Asian subcontinent.
Ghazni in early 1800s.
In addition to this rivalry between Britain and Russia, there were two specific reasons for British concern over Russia's intentions. First was the Russian influence at the Iranian court, which prompted the Russians to support Iran in its attempt to take Herat, historically the western gateway to Afghanistan and northern India. In 1837 Iran advanced on Herat with the support and advice of Russian officers. The second immediate reason was the presence in Kabul in 1837 of a Russian agent, Captain P. Vitkevich, who was ostensibly there, as was the British agent Alexander Burnes, for commercial discussions.
The British demanded that Dost Mohammad sever all contact with the Iranians and Russians, remove Vitkevich from Kabul, surrender all claims to Peshawar, and respect Peshawar's independence as well as that of Kandahar, which was under the control of his brothers at the time. In return, the British government intimated that it would ask Ranjit Singh to reconcile with the Afghans. When Auckland refused to put the agreement in writing, Dost Mohammad turned his back on the British and began negotiations with Vitkevich.
In 1838 Auckland, Ranjit Singh, and Shuja signed an agreement stating that Shuja would regain control of Kabul and Kandahar with the help of the British and Sikhs; he would accept Sikh rule of the former Afghan provinces already controlled by Ranjit Singh, and that Herat would remain independent. In practice, the plan replaced Dost Mohammad with a British figurehead whose autonomy would be as limited as that of other Indian princes.
It soon became apparent to the British that Sikh participation, advancing toward Kabul through the Khyber Pass while Shuja and the British advanced through Kandahar, would not be forthcoming. Auckland's plan in the spring of 1838 was for the Sikhs to place Shuja on the Afghan throne, with British support. By the end of the summer however, the plan had changed; now the British alone would impose the pliant Shuja Shah.
First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838-1842 Main article: First Anglo-Afghan War
The encampment of the troops led by General William Nott lay on the vast plain of Chaman-e-Shah. Kabul being in the distance.
To justify his plan, the Governor-General of India Lord Auckland issued the Simla Manifesto in October 1838, setting forth the necessary reasons for British intervention in Afghanistan. The manifesto stated that in order to ensure the welfare of India, the British must have a trustworthy ally on India's western frontier. The British pretense that their troops were merely supporting Shah Shuja's small army in retaking what was once his throne fooled no one. Although the Simla Manifesto stated that British troops would be withdrawn as soon as Shuja was installed in Kabul, Shuja's rule depended entirely on British arms to suppress rebellion and on British funds to buy the support of tribal chiefs. The British denied that they were invading Afghanistan, instead claiming they were merely supporting its legitimate Shuja government "against foreign interference and factious opposition".
In November 1841 insurrection and massacre flared up in Kabul. The British vacillated and disagreed and were beleaguered in their inadequate cantonments. The British negotiated with the most influential sirdars, cut off as they were by winter and insurgent tribes from any hope of relief. Muhammad Akbar Khan, son of the captive Dost Muhammad, arrived in Kabul and became effective leader of the sirdars. At a conference with them Sir William MacNaghten was killed, but in spite of this, the sirdars' demands were agreed to by the British and they withdrew. During the withdrawal they were attacked by Ghilzai tribesmen and in running battles through the snowbound passes nearly the entire column of 4,500 troops and 12,000 civilians were massacred. Of the British only one, Dr. William Brydon, reached Jalalabad, while a few others were captured.
Afghan forces loyal to Akbar Khan besieged the remaining British contingents at Kandahar, Ghazni and Jalalabad. Ghazni fell, but the other garrisons held out, and with the help of reinforcements from India their besiegers were defeated. While preparations were under way for a renewed advance on Kabul, the new Governor-General Lord Ellenborough ordered British forces to leave Afghanistan after securing the release of the prisoners from Kabul and taking reprisals. The forces from Kandahar and Jalalabad again defeated Akbar Khan, retook Ghazni and Kabul, inflicted widespread devastation and rescued the prisoners before withdrawing through the Khyber Pass.
Mid-nineteenth century
Sher Ali Khan with CD Charles Chamberlain and Sir Richard F. Pollock in 1869.
After months of chaos in Kabul, Mohammad Akbar Khan secured local control and in April 1843 his father Dost Mohammad, who had been released by the British, returned to the throne in Afghanistan. In the following decade, Dost Mohammad concentrated his efforts on reconquering Mazari Sharif, Konduz, Badakhshan, and Kandahar. Mohammad Akbar Khan died in 1845. During the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49), Dost Mohammad's last effort to take Peshawar failed.
By 1854 the British wanted to resume relations with Dost Mohammad, whom they had essentially ignored in the intervening twelve years. The 1855 Treaty of Peshawar reopened diplomatic relations, proclaimed respect for each side's territorial integrity, and pledged both sides as friends of each other's friends and enemies of each other's enemies.
In 1857 an addendum to the 1855 treaty permitted a British military mission to become a presence in Kandahar (but not Kabul) during a conflict with the Persians, who had attacked Herat in 1856. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, some British officials suggested restoring Peshawar to Dost Mohammad, in return for his support against the rebellious sepoys of the Bengal Army, but this view was rejected by British political officers on the North West frontier, who believed that Dost Mohammad would see this as a sign of weakness and turn against the British.[1]
In 1863 Dost Mohammad retook Herat with British acquiescence. A few months later, he died. Sher Ali Khan, his third son, and proclaimed successor, failed to recapture Kabul from his older brother, Mohammad Afzal (whose troops were led by his son, Abdur Rahman) until 1868, after which Abdur Rahman retreated across the Amu Darya and bided his time.
In the years immediately following the First Anglo-Afghan War, and especially after the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British in India, Liberal Party governments in London took a political view of Afghanistan as a buffer state. By the time Sher Ali had established control in Kabul in 1868, he found the British ready to support his regime with arms and funds, but nothing more. Over the next ten years, relations between the Afghan ruler and Britain deteriorated steadily. The Afghan ruler was worried about the southward encroachment of Russia, which by 1873 had taken over the lands of the khan, or ruler, of Khiva. Sher Ali sent an envoy seeking British advice and support. The previous year the British had signed an agreement with the Russians in which the latter agreed to respect the northern boundaries of Afghanistan and to view the territories of the Afghan amir as outside their sphere of influence. The British, however, refused to give any assurances to the disappointed Sher Ali.
Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878-1880 See also: Second Anglo-Afghan War
Mohammad Yaqub Khan with Britain's Sir Pierre Cavagnari on May 26, 1879, when the Treaty of Gandamak was signed.
After tension between Russia and Britain in Europe ended with the June 1878 Congress of Berlin, Russia turned its attention to Central Asia. That same summer, Russia sent an uninvited diplomatic mission to Kabul. Sher Ali tried, but failed, to keep them out. Russian envoys arrived in Kabul on 22 July 1878 and on 14 August, the British demanded that Sher Ali accept a British mission too.
The amir not only refused to receive a British mission but threatened to stop it if it were dispatched. Lord Lytton, the viceroy, ordered a diplomatic mission to set out for Kabul in September 1878 but the mission was turned back as it approached the eastern entrance of the Khyber Pass, triggering the Second Anglo-Afghan War. A British force of about 40,000 fighting men was distributed into military columns which penetrated Afghanistan at three different points. An alarmed Sher Ali attempted to appeal in person to the tsar for assistance, but unable to do so, he returned to Mazari Sharif, where he died on 21 February 1879.
Durban Maidan of Sherpur Cantonment in 1879.
With British forces occupying much of the country, Sher Ali's son and successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak in May 1879 to prevent a British invasion of the rest of the country. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to the British. British representatives were installed in Kabul and other locations, British control was extended to the Khyber and Michni passes, and Afghanistan ceded various frontier areas and Quetta to Britain. The British army then withdrew. Soon afterwards, an uprising in Kabul led to the slaughter of Britain’s Resident in Kabul, Sir Pierre Cavagnari and his guards and staff on 3 September 1879, provoking the second phase of the Second Afghan War. Major General Sir Frederick Roberts led the Kabul Field Force over the Shutargardan Pass into central Afghanistan, defeated the Afghan Army at Char Asiab on 6 October 1879 and occupied Kabul. Ghazi Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak staged an uprising and attacked British forces near Kabul in the Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment in December 1879, but his defeat there resulted in the collapse of this rebellion.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of Gandamak
Yaqub Khan, suspected of complicity in the massacre of Cavagnari and his staff, was obliged to abdicate. The British considered a number of possible political settlements, including partitioning Afghanistan between multiple rulers or placing Yaqub's brother Ayub Khan on the throne, but ultimately decided to install his cousin Abdur Rahman Khan as emir instead. Ayub Khan, who had been serving as governor of Herat, rose in revolt, defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Maiwand in July 1880 and besieged Kandahar. Roberts then led the main British force from Kabul and decisively defeated Ayub Khan in September at the Battle of Kandahar, bringing his rebellion to an end. Abdur Rahman had confirmed the Treaty of Gandamak, leaving the British in control of the territories ceded by Yaqub Khan and ensuring British control of Afghanistan's foreign policy in exchange for protection and a subsidy. Abandoning the provocative policy of maintaining a British resident in Kabul, but having achieved all their other objectives, the British withdrew.
The Iron Amir, 1880-1901
Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (The Iron Amir) in 1897.
As far as British interests were concerned, Abdur Rahman answered their prayers: a forceful, intelligent leader capable of welding his divided people into a state; and he was willing to accept limitations to his power imposed by British control of his country's foreign affairs and the British buffer state policy. His twenty-one-year reign was marked by efforts to modernize and establish control of the kingdom, whose boundaries were delineated by the two empires bordering it. Abdur Rahman turned his considerable energies to what evolved into the creation of the modern state of Afghanistan.
He achieved this consolidation of Afghanistan in three ways. He suppressed various rebellions and followed up his victories with harsh punishment, execution, and deportation. He broke the stronghold of Pashtun tribes by forcibly transplanting them. He transplanted his most powerful Pashtun enemies, the Ghilzai, and other tribes from southern and south-central Afghanistan to areas north of the Hindu Kush with predominantly non-Pashtun populations. The last non-Muslim Afghans of Kafiristan north of Kabul were forcefully converted to Islam. Finally, he created a system of provincial governorates different from old tribal boundaries. Provincial governors had a great deal of power in local matters, and an army was placed at their disposal to enforce tax collection and suppress dissent. Abdur Rahman kept a close eye on these governors, however, by creating an effective intelligence system. During his reign, tribal organization began to erode as provincial government officials allowed land to change hands outside the traditional clan and tribal limits.
In addition to forging a nation from the splintered regions comprising Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman tried to modernize his kingdom by forging a regular army and the first institutionalized bureaucracy. Despite his distinctly authoritarian personality, Abdur Rahman called for a loya jirga, an assemblage of royal princes, important notables, and religious leaders. According to his autobiography, Abdur Rahman had three goals: subjugating the tribes, extending government control through a strong, visible army, and reinforcing the power of the ruler and the royal family.
During his visit to Rawalpindi in 1885, the Amir requested the Viceroy of India to depute Muslim Envoy to Kabul having noble birth and of ruling family background. Mirza Atta Ullah Khan, Sardar Bahadur s/o Khan Bahadur Mirza Fakir Ullah Khan (Saman Burj Wazirabad), a direct descendent of Jarral Rajput Rajas of Rajauri was selected and approved by the Amir to be the British Envoy to Kabul.
Abdur Rahman also paid attention to technological advancement. He brought foreign physicians, engineers (especially for mining), geologists, and printers to Afghanistan. He imported European machinery and encouraged the establishment of small factories to manufacture soap, candles, and leather goods. He sought European technical advice on communications, transport, and irrigation. Local Afghan tribes strongly resisted this modernization. Workmen making roads had to be protected by the army against local warriors. Nonetheless, despite these sweeping internal policies, Abdur Rahman's foreign policy was completely in foreign hands.
Boundary of Afghanistan before the Durand Line Treaty of 1893.
The first important frontier dispute was the Panjdeh crisis of 1885, precipitated by Russian encroachment into Central Asia. Having seized the Merv (now Mary) Oasis by 1884, Russian forces were directly adjacent to Afghanistan. Claims to the Panjdeh Oasis were in debate, with the Russians keen to take over all the region's Turkoman domains. After battling Afghan forces in the spring of 1885, the Russians seized the oasis. Russian and British troops were quickly alerted, but the two powers reached a compromise; Russia was in possession of the oasis, and Britain believed it could keep the Russians from advancing any farther. Without an Afghan say in the matter, the Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission agreed the Russians would relinquish the farthest territory captured in their advance but retain Panjdeh. This agreement on these border sections delineated for Afghanistan a permanent northern frontier at the Amu Darya but also the loss of much territory, especially around Panjdeh.
The second section of Afghan border demarcated during Abdur Rahman's reign was in the Wakhan. The British insisted Abdur Rahman accept sovereignty over this remote region where unruly Kyrgyz held sway, he had no choice but to accept Britain's compromise. In 1895 and 1896 another Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission agreed on the frontier boundary to the far northeast of Afghanistan, which bordered Chinese territory (although the Chinese did not formally accept this as a boundary between the two countries until 1964.)
For Abdur Rahman, delineating the boundary with India (through the Pashtun area) was far more significant, and it was during his reign that the Durand Line was drawn. Under pressure, Abdur Rahman agreed in 1893 to accept a mission headed by the British Indian foreign secretary, Sir Mortimer Durand, to define the limits of British and Afghan control in the Pashtun territories. Boundary limits were agreed on by Durand and Abdur Rahman before the end of 1893, but there is some question about the degree to which Abdur Rahman willingly ceded certain regions. There were indications that he regarded the Durand Line as a delimitation of separate areas of political responsibility, not a permanent international frontier, and that he did not explicitly cede control over certain parts (such as Kurram and Chitral) that were already in British control under the Treaty of Gandamak.
The Durand Line cut through tribes and bore little relation to the realities of demography or military strategy. The line laid the foundation not for peace between the border regions, but for heated disagreement between the governments of Afghanistan and British India, and later, Afghanistan and Pakistan over what came to be known as the issue of Pashtunistan or 'Land of the Pashtuns'. (See Siege of Malakand).
The clearest manifestation that Abdur Rahman had established control in Afghanistan was the peaceful succession of his eldest son, Habibullah Khan, to the throne on his father's death in October 1901. Although Abdur Rahman had fathered many children, he groomed Habibullah to succeed him, and he made it difficult for his other sons to contest the succession by keeping power from them and sequestering them in Kabul under his control.
Freemason Habibullah Khan, 1901–1919
King Habibullah Khan, eldest son of Abur Rahman Khan.
Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman Khan's eldest son and child of a slave mother, kept a close watch on the palace intrigues revolving around his father's more distinguished wife (a granddaughter of Dost Mohammad), who sought the throne for her own son. Although made secure in his position as ruler by virtue of support from the army which was created by his father, Habibullah was not as domineering as Abdur Rahman. Consequently, the influence of religious leaders as well as that of Mahmud Tarzi, a cousin of the king, increased during his reign. Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms. Tarzi's passionate Afghan nationalism influenced a future generation of Asian reformers.
The boundary with Iran was firmly delineated in 1904, replacing the ambiguous line made by a British commission in 1872. Agreement could not be reached, however, on sharing the waters of the Helmand River.
Like all foreign policy developments of this period affecting Afghanistan, the conclusion of the "Great Game" between Russia and Britain occurred without the Afghan ruler's participation. The 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente (the Convention of St. Petersburg) not only divided the region into separate areas of Russian and British influence but also established foundations for Afghan neutrality. The convention provided for Russian acquiescence that Afghanistan was now outside this sphere of influence, and for Russia to consult directly with Britain on matters relating to Russian-Afghan relations. Britain, for its part, would not occupy or annex Afghan territory, or interfere in Afghanistan's internal affairs.
During World War I, Afghanistan remained neutral despite pressure to support Turkey when its sultan proclaimed his nation's participation in what it considered a holy war. Habibullah did, however, entertain a Indo-German-Turkish mission in Kabul in 1915 that had as its titular head the Indian nationalist Mahendra Pratap and was led by Oskar Niedermayer and the German legate Werner Otto von Hentig. After much procrastination, he won an agreement from the Central Powers for a huge payment and arms provision in exchange for attacking British India. But the crafty Afghan ruler clearly viewed the war as an opportunity to play one side off against the other, for he also offered the British to resist a Central Powers attack on India in exchange for an end to British control of Afghan foreign policy.
Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence Main article: Third Anglo-Afghan War
Amanullah's ten years of reign initiated a period of dramatic change in Afghanistan in both foreign and domestic politics. Amanullah declared full independence and sparked the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Amanullah altered foreign policy in his new relations with external powers and transformed domestic politics with his social, political, and economic reforms. Although his reign ended abruptly, he achieved some notable successes, and his efforts failed as much due to the centrifugal forces of tribal Afghanistan and the machinations of Russia and Britain as to any political folly on his part.
Amanullah came to power just as the entente between Russia and Britain broke down following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Once again Afghanistan provided a stage on which the great powers played out their schemes against one another. Keen to modernise his country and free it from foreign domination, Amanullah, sought to shore up his powerbase. Amidst intrigue in the Afghan court, and political and civil unrest in India, he sought to divert attention from the internal divisions of Afghanistan and unite all faction behind him by attacking the British.[2]
Using the civil unrest in India as an excuse to move troops to the Durand Line, Afghan troops crossed the border at the western end of the Khyber Pass on 3 May 1919 and occupied the village of Bagh, the scene of an earlier uprising in April.[3] In response, the Indian government ordered a full mobilisation and on 6 May 1919 declared war. For the British it had come at a time when they were still recovering from the First World War. The troops that were stationed in India were mainly reserves and Territorials, who were awaiting demobilisation and keen to return to Britain, whilst the few regular regiments that were available were tired and depleted from five years of fighting.[3]
Afghan forces achieved success in the initial days of the war, taking the British and Indians by surprise in two main thrusts as the Afghan regular army was joined by large numbers of Pashtun tribesmen from both sides of the border. A series of skirmishes then followed as the British and Indians recovered from their initial surprise. As a counter balance to deficiencies in manpower and morale, the British had a considerable advantage in terms of equipment, possessing machine guns, armoured cars, motor transport, wireless communications and aircraft and it was the latter that would prove decisive.[4]
British forces used airpower to shock the Afghans, and the King's home was directly attacked in what is the first case of aerial bombardment in Afghanistan’s history. The attacks played a key role in forcing an armistice but brought an angry rebuke from King Amanullah. He wrote: "It is a matter of great regret that the throwing of bombs by zeppelins on London was denounced as a most savage act and the bombardment of places of worship and sacred spots was considered a most abominable operation. While we now see with our own eyes that such operations were a habit which is prevalent among all civilized people of the west"[citation needed]
The fighting concluded in August 1919 and Britain virtually dictated the terms of the Rawalpindi Agreement, a temporary armistice that provided, on one somewhat ambiguous interpretation, for Afghan self-determination in foreign affairs.[5] Before final negotiations were concluded in 1921, however, Afghanistan had already begun to establish its own foreign policy without repercussions anyway, including diplomatic relations with the new government in the Soviet Union in 1919. During the 1920s, Afghanistan established diplomatic relations with most major countries.
Amanullah Khan, 1919–1929 Main articles: Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war and Kingdom of Afghanistan
King Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah Khan.
On 20 February 1919, Habibullah Khan was assassinated on a hunting trip. He had not declared a succession, but left his third son, Amanullah Khan, in charge in Kabul. Amanullah did have an older brother, Nasrullah Khan. But, because Amanullah controlled both the national treasury and the army, Amanullah was well situated to seize power. The army's support allowed Amanullah to suppress other claims and imprison those relatives who would not swear loyalty to him. Within a few months, the new amir had gained the allegiance of most tribal leaders and established control over the cities.
Amanullah Khan's reforms were heavily influenced by Europe. This came through the influence of Mahmud Tarzi, who was both Amanullah Khan's father-in-law and Foreign Minister. Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet, journalist, and diplomat, was a key figure that brought Western dress and etiquette to Afghanistan. He also fought for progressive reforms such as woman's rights, educational rights, and freedom of press. All of these influences, brought by Tarzi and others, were welcomed by Amanullah Khan.
In 1926, Amanullah ended the Emirate of Afghanistan and proclaimed the Kingdom of Afghanistan with himself as king.
In 1927 and 1928, King Amanullah Khan and his wife Soraya Tarzi visited Europe. On this trip they were honored and feted. In fact, in 1928 the King and Queen of Afghanistan received honorary degrees from Oxford University. This was an era when other Muslim nations, like Turkey and Egypt were also on the path to modernization. King Amanullah was so impressed with the social progress of Europe that he tried to implement them right away, this met with heavy resistance from the conservative sect and eventually lead to his demise.
Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his power to modernize the country. Amanullah created new cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the region and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict dress codes for women. He created a new capital city and increased trade with Europe and Asia. He also advanced a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms. This rapid modernization though, created a backlash, and a reactionary uprising known as the Khost rebellion which was suppressed in 1924.
After Amanullah travelled to Europe in late 1927, opposition to his rule increased. An uprising in Jalalabad culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted rather than resist. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated in favor of his brother, King Inayatullah Khan. On 17 January, Inayatullah abdicated and Habibullah Kalakani became the next ruler of Afghanistan and restored the emirate. However, his rule was short lived and, on 17 October 1929, Habibullah Kalakani was overthrown and replaced by King Nadir Khan.
After his abdication in 1929, Amanullah went into temporary exile in India. When he attempted to return to Afghanistan, he had little support from the people. From India, the ex-king traveled to Europe and settled in Italy, and later in Switzerland. Meanwhile, Nadir Khan made sure his return to Afghanistan was impossible by engaging in a propaganda war. Nadir Khan accused Amanullah Khan of kufr with his pro western policies.
Mohammed Zahir Shah, 1933–1973
A 1950s or 1960s record store in Afghanistan , showing the increasing Western influence at the time.
This section requires expansion.
In 1933, after the assassination of Nadir Khan, Mohammed Zahir Shah became king.
See also References 1. ^ *Allen, Charles (2000). Soldier Sahibs. Abacus. p. 283. ISBN 0-349-11456-0.
2. ^ Barthorp, p. 151
3. ^ a b Wilkinson-Latham & McBride, p. 23
4. ^ Barthorp, p. 152
5. ^ Balthorp, p. 157
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Second Anglo-Afghan War
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Arithmetic on the Frontier
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
A Short Account of Afghanistan, its History, and our Dealings with it
Categories: Anglo-Afghan Wars | History of Afghanistan | History of Pakistan | European rule in India | European colonisation in Asia
**********************************
Despotism
“Equality, rightly understood as our founding fathers understood it, leads to liberty and to the emancipation of creative differences; wrongly understood, as it has been so tragically in our time, it leads first to conformity and then to despotism.” Barry Goldwater
Goldwater's paternal grandparents, Michel and Sarah (Nathan) Goldwasser, had been married in the Great Synagogue of London.
United States Senator and Presidential nominee. For his son, see Barry Goldwater, Jr.
Barry Goldwater
Barry Goldwater
United States Senator
from Arizona
In office
January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1987
Preceded by
Carl Hayden
Succeeded by
John McCain
In office
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1965
Preceded by
Ernest McFarland
Succeeded by
Paul Fannin
Born
January 2, 1909(1909-01-02)
Phoenix, Arizona Territory, United States
Died
May 29, 1998(1998-05-29) (aged 89)
Paradise Valley, Arizona, United States
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Margaret Johnson (1934–1985)
Susan Shaffer Wechsler (1992–1998)
Children
Joanne
Barry
Michael
Peggy
Alma mater
University of Arizona
Profession
Businessman, politician
Religion
Episcopalian
Military service
Service/branch
United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force
Rank
Lieutenant Colonel
Major General
Battles/wars
World War II
Korean War
Biography portal
United States Air Force portal
World War II portal
Arizona portal
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909[1] – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure in the 1960–64 era, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought GOP primaries. Goldwater's fiscally conservative and socially moderate campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate [3] and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969, and specialized in defense policy, bringing to the table his experience as a senior officer in the Air Force Reserve. His greatest accomplishment was arguably the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, which restructured the higher levels of the Pentagon by increasing the power of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to direct military action. In 1974, as an elder statesman of the party, Goldwater successfully urged President Nixon to resign when the evidence of cover-up became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent. By the 1980s, the increasing influence of the Christian right on the Republican Party so conflicted with Goldwater's libertarian views that he became a vocal opponent of the religious right on issues such as gay rights and the role of religion in public life.
Quotations "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."
"The income tax created more criminals than any other single act of government."
“To disagree, one doesn't have to be disagreeable.”
“Equality, rightly understood as our founding fathers understood it, leads to liberty and to the emancipation of creative differences; wrongly understood, as it has been so tragically in our time, it leads first to conformity and then to despotism.”
“We cannot allow the American flag to be shot at anywhere on earth if we are to retain our respect and prestige.”
“Remember that a government big enough to give you everything you want is also big enough to take away everything you have.”
“To insist on strength is not war-mongering. It is peace-mongering.”
“It’s time America realized that there is no gay exemption in the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in the Declaration of Independence.”
"You don't need to be straight to fight and die for your country. You just need to shoot straight."
Goldwater's paternal grandparents, Michel and Sarah (Nathan) Goldwasser, had been married in the Great Synagogue of London.
The Great Synagogue of London was, for centuries, the centre of Ashkenazi synagogue and Jewish life in London. It was destroyed during World War II, in the Blitz.
History The earliest Ashkenazi synagogue constructed in London after the return of Jews to England in the 17th century was built about 1690 at Duke's Place, north of Aldgate. The congregation grew, and in 1722 a new building was erected with the cost being born by businessman and philanthropist, Moses Hart. An enlarged building, designed by George Dance the Elder, was consecrated in 1766.
Between 1788 and 1790, the third synagogue was built on the site. This building would stand until destroyed by the Germans in 1941. Unusually for the times, the principal donor was a woman, Judith Hart Levy, a descendant of Moses Hart. The architect was James Spiller. The building was in the classical style identified with Adam. It was redecorated and repaired in 1832 and 1852 by John Walen, and restored again with small renovations in 1899 and 1930.
The Royal Dukes of Cambridge, Cumberland, and Essex, sons of George III, visited the Great Synagogue of London in 1809. There were seated on elegant Egyptian revival chairs as they watched the religious service.
The synagogue was destroyed in the London Blitz on May 10, 1941.
Rabbis
Wash drawing of the Synagogue from Duke's Place, c. 1820
The Rabbis of the Great Synagogue, and their terms of office, included:
In art In 1819 an aquatint of the interior was drawn by Augustus Charles Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson, and originally published in the popular illustrated magazine of the period, Ackermann's Repository of Arts. Pugin drew a handsome representation of the Ionic columns supporting the balconies and the classical decoration of the building. Rowlandson drew caricatures of the congregants, with the hunched shoulders and exaggerated noses traditionally attributed to Jews.
This article is part of the
Politics series
Forms of government
List of government types
v · d · e
Despotism is a form of government in which a single entity, called the despot, rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy. The word despotism means to "rule in the fashion of a despot" and should not be confused with "despot", an individual.
Despot comes from the Greek despotes, which roughly means "master" or "one with power", and it has been used to translate a wide variety of titles and positions. It was used to describe the unlimited power and authority of the Pharaohs of Egypt, employed in the Byzantine court as a title of nobility, used by the rulers of Byzantine vassal states, and adopted as a title of the Byzantine Emperors. Thus, despot is found to have different meanings and interpretations at various times in history and can not be described by a single definition. This is similar to the other Greek titles basileus and autokrator, which, along with despot, have been used at various times to describe everything from a local chieftain to a simple ruler, king or emperor.
, while dictator tends to imply more harshness or unfair implementation of law. Colloquially, despot has been applied pejoratively to a person, particularity a head of state or government, who abuses his power and authority to oppress his people, subjects or subordinates. In this sense, it is similar to the pejorative connotations that have likewise arisen with the term tyrant. Dictator has also developed nearly similar pejorative connotations, though despot and tyrant tend to stress cruelty and even enjoyment therefrom
History In its classical form, despotism is a state where a single individual (the despot) wields all the power and authority embodying the state, and everyone else is a subsidiary person. This form of despotism was common in the first forms of statehood and civilization; the Pharaoh of Egypt is exemplary of the classical despot.
The term now implies tyrannical rule. Despotism can mean tyranny (dominance through threat of punishment and violence), or absolutism; or dictatorship (a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, not restricted by a constitution, laws or opposition, etc.).[1]
However, in enlightened absolutism (also known as benevolent despotism), which came to prominence in 18th century Europe, absolute monarchs used their authority to institute a number of reforms in the political systems and societies of their countries. This movement was quite probably triggered by the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu believed that despotism was an appropriate government for large states. Likewise, he believed that republics were suitable for small states and that monarchies were ideal for moderate-sized states.
Although the word has a pejorative meaning nowadays, it was once a legitimate title of office in the Byzantine Empire. Just as the word Byzantine is often used in a pejorative way, so the word despot now has equally negative connotations. In fact, Despot was an Imperial title, first used under Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) who created it for his appointed heir Alexius-Béla. According to Gyula Moravcsik, this title was a simple translation of Béla's Hungarian title úr, but other historians believe it comes from the ancient Greek despotes (literally, the master). In the Orthodox Liturgy, if celebrated in Greek, the priest is addressed by the deacon as Despot even today.
It was typically bestowed on sons-in-law and later sons of the Emperor and, beginning in the 13th century, it was bestowed to foreign princes. The Despot wore elaborate costumes similar to the Emperor's and had many privileges. Despots ruled over parts of the empire called Despotates.
In the United States Declaration of Independence, the British government is cited to have been reducing the American people under absolute despotism: "But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security".
Contrast with monarchy According to Montesquieu, the difference between monarchy and despotism is that in monarchy, a single person governs by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by his own will and caprice.
Lawlessness!!
List of deists
This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as deists, the belief in a God based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scripture or prophets. They have been selected for their influence on Deism, or for their fame in other areas.
Deism (i/ˈdiːɪzəm/ US dict: dē′·ĭzm)[1][2] in the philosophy of religion is the standpoint that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is a creation and has a creator. Further the term often implies that this supreme being does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe. Deists typically reject supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending to assert that a god (or "the Supreme Architect") has a plan for the universe that this god does not alter by (regularly or ever) intervening in the affairs of human life. This idea is also known as the Clockwork universe theory, in which a god designs and builds the universe, but steps aside to let it run on its own. Deists believe in the existence of a god without any reliance on revealed religion, religious authority or holy books. Two main forms of deism currently exist: classical deism and modern deism.
The earliest known usage in print of the English term "deist" is 1621,[3] and "deism" is first found in a 1675 dictionary.[4][5] Deism became more prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment — especially in Britain, France, Ireland and North America — mostly among those raised as Christians who found they could not believe in supernatural miracles, the inerrancy of scriptures, or the Trinity, but who did believe in one God. The Founding Fathers of the United States were heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophies, and it is generally believed that many of them were deists.[6]
The Jefferson Bible, or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth as it is formally titled, was Thomas Jefferson's effort to extract the doctrine of Jesus by removing sections of the New Testament containing supernatural aspects as well as perceived misinterpretations he believed had been added by the Four Evangelists.[1][2]
Early draft
In an 1803 letter to Joseph Priestley, Jefferson states that he conceived the idea of writing his view of the "Christian System" in a conversation with Dr. Benjamin Rush during 1798–99. He proposes beginning with a review of the morals of the ancient philosophers, moving on to the "deism and ethics of the Jews," and concluding with the "principles of a pure deism" taught by Jesus, "omitting the question of his deity." Jefferson explains that he really doesn't have the time, and urges the task on Priestley as the person best equipped to accomplish the task.[3]
Jefferson accomplished a more limited goal in 1804 with “The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth,” the predecessor to Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth.[4] He described it in a letter to John Adams dated 13 October 1813:
“
In extracting the pure principles which he taught, we should have to strip off the artificial vestments in which they have been muffled by priests, who have travestied them into various forms, as instruments of riches and power to themselves. We must dismiss the Platonists and Plotinists, the Stagyrites and Gamalielites, the Eclectics, the Gnostics and Scholastics, their essences and emanations, their logos and demiurges, aeons and daemons, male and female, with a long train of … or, shall I say at once, of nonsense. We must reduce our volume to the simple evangelists, select, even from them, the very words only of Jesus, paring off the amphibologisms into which they have been led, by forgetting often, or not understanding, what had fallen from him, by giving their own misconceptions as his dicta, and expressing unintelligibly for others what they had not understood themselves. There will be found remaining the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man. I have performed this operation for my own use, by cutting verse by verse out of the printed book, and arranging the matter which is evidently his, and which is as easily distinguishable as diamonds in a dunghill. The result is an octavo of forty-six pages, of pure and unsophisticated doctrines. [3]
”
Jefferson frequently expressed discontent with this earlier version. The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth represents the fulfillment of his desire to produce a more carefully assembled edition.
The seven laws listed by the Tosefta and the Talmud are
- Prohibition of Idolatry: You shall not have any idols before God.
- Prohibition of Murder: You shall not murder. (Genesis 9:6)
- Prohibition of Theft: You shall not steal.
- Prohibition of Sexual promiscuity: You shall not commit any of a series of sexual prohibitions, which include adultery, incest and bestiality.
- Prohibition of Blasphemy: You shall not blaspheme God's name.
- Dietary Law: Do not eat flesh taken from an animal while it is still alive. (Genesis 9:4, as interpreted in the Talmud (Sanhedrin59a)
- Requirement to have just Laws: Set up a governing body of law (eg Courts)
While some Jewish organizations, such as Chabad have worked to promote the acceptance of Noahide laws, there are no figures for how many actually do.
In recent years, the term "Noahide" has come to refer to non-Jews who strive to live in accord with the seven Noahide Laws; the terms "observant Noahide" or "Torah-centered Noahides" would be more precise but are infrequently used. The rainbow, referring to the Noahide or First Covenant (Genesis 9), is the symbol of many organized Noahide groups, following Genesis 9:12-17. A non-Jewish person of any ethnicity or religion is referred to as a bat ("daughter") or ben ("son") of Noah, but most organizations that call themselves בני נח (b'nei noach) are composed of gentiles who are keeping the Noahide Laws.
******************************************
These are not the teachings of the Bible that we were told by God the father given to us by Moses.
"These are the commandments that the LORD commanded Moses for the people of Israel on Mount Sinai."(Leviticus 27:34)
- Numbers 36:13
These are the commandments and the rules that the LORD commanded through Moses to the people of Israel in the plains of Moab by the Jordan at Jericho.
Numbers 36:12-13 (in Context) Numbers 36 (Whole Chapter) - Deuteronomy 5:1
[ The Ten Commandments ] And Moses summoned all Israel and said to them, "Hear, O Israel, the statutes and the rules that I speak in your hearing today, and you shall learn them and be careful to do them.
Deuteronomy 5:1-3 (in Context) Deuteronomy 5 (Whole Chapter) - Joshua 22:5
Only be very careful to observe the commandment and the law that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, to love the LORD your God, and to walk in all his ways and to keep his commandments and to cling to him and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul."
Joshua 22:4-6 (in Context) Joshua 22 (Whole Chapter) - Judges 3:4
They were for the testing of Israel, to know whether Israel would obey the commandments of the LORD, which he commanded their fathers by the hand of Moses.
Judges 3:3-5 (in Context) Judges 3 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Kings 2:3
and keep the charge of the LORD your God, walking in his ways and keeping his statutes, his commandments, his rules, and his testimonies, as it is written in the Law of Moses, that you may prosper in all that you do and wherever you turn,
1 Kings 2:2-4 (in Context) 1 Kings 2 (Whole Chapter)
These laws Gnostic views have come from the synagogues of Satan that killed John and Paul.
“They have sworn solemn oaths, but he brings their guilt to remembrance, that they may be taken.”(Ezekiel 21:23)
“the houses of Achzib shall be a deceitful thing
to the kings of Israel.”(Mic. 1:14)
Achziv - "falsehood".
****************************************
King David added the city into his Kingdom, but King Solomon returned it to Hiram as part of the famous pact.
In Masonic tradition Hiram I is considered one of three founding Grand Masters of the fraternity. He appears in Masonic ritual as the provider of materials, money and craftsmen for the construction of Solomon's Temple. This comes from the Biblical account of the alliance between Solomon's Israel and Hiram I's Tyre. In Masonic legend, King Hiram is said to have sent his most skilled master craftsman, Hiram Abiff, to serve as the construction's foreman.. Masonic tradition expands on the few, short Biblical references and creates an allegory that is not purported to be factual.
Part of a series of articles on
Freemasonry
Core Articles
Freemasonry · Grand Lodge · Masonic Lodge · Masonic Lodge Officers · Grand Master · Prince Hall Freemasonry · Regular Masonic jurisdictions
History
History of Freemasonry · Liberté chérie · Masonic manuscripts
Masonic Bodies
Masonic
Masonic bodies · York Rite · Order of Mark Master Masons · Holy Royal Arch · Royal Arch Masonry · Cryptic Masonry · Knights Templar · Scottish Rite · Knight Kadosh · The Shrine · Tall Cedars of Lebanon · The Grotto · Societas Rosicruciana · Grand College of Rites · Swedish Rite · Order of St. Thomas of Acon · Royal Order of Scotland · Research Lodge
Masonic groups for women
Women and Freemasonry · Order of the Amaranth · Order of the Eastern Star · Co-Freemasonry
Masonic Youth Organizations
DeMolay · A.J.E.F. · Job's Daughters · International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
Views of Masonry
Anti-Masonry · Anti-Masonic Party · Anti-Freemason Exhibition · Christianity and Freemasonry · Catholicism and Freemasonry · Suppression of Freemasonry · Masonic conspiracy theories · Taxil hoax
People and Places
James Anderson · Albert Mackey · Albert Pike · Prince Hall · John the Evangelist · John the Baptist · William Schaw · Elizabeth Aldworth · List of Freemasons · Lodge Mother Kilwinning · Freemasons' Hall, London · House of the Temple · Solomon's Temple · Detroit Masonic Temple
King Hiram
Hiram Abiff is a character who figures prominently in an allegorical play that is presented during the third degree of Craft Freemasonry. In this play, Hiram is presented as being the chief architect of King Solomon's Temple, who is murdered by three ruffians during an unsuccessful attempt to force him to divulge the Master Masons' secret password. It is explained in the lecture that follows this play that the story is a lesson in fidelity to one's word, and in the brevity of life.
Numerous scholars, both Masonic and non-Masonic, have speculated that the character may have been based upon one or more Hirams that appear in the Bible. For example, in the Masonic ritual Hiram is referred to as 'the Widow's Son,' which is similar to a biblical reference to a Hiram found in 1 Kings 7:13–14.
Hirams in the Bible The name "Hiram Abiff" does not appear as such in the Bible, but there are three references to people named Hiram that are present:
- Hiram, King of Tyre, is credited in 2 Samuel 5:11 and 1 Kings 5:1-10 for having sent building materials and men for the original construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. This biblical Hiram is clearly not the inspiration for the Masonic Hiram Abiff, as the Masonic drama has a separate character named "Hiram, King of Tyre."
- In 1 Kings 7:13–14, Hiram is described as the son of a widow from the tribe of Naphtali who was the son of a Tyrian bronze worker, contracted by Solomon to cast the bronze furnishings and ornate decorations for the new temple. From this reference, Freemasons often refer to Hiram (with the added Abiff) as "the widow's son." Hiram lived or at least temporarily worked in clay banks (1 Kings 7:46-47) in the plain of the Jordan between Succoth and Zarthan.
- Hiram (often spelled Huram), a craftsman of great skill sent from Tyre. 2 Chronicles 2:13-14 relates a formal request from King Solomon of Jerusalem to King Hiram I of Tyre, for workers and for materials to build a new temple; King Hiram responds "And now I have sent a skillful man, endowed with understanding, Huram my master craftsman (the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre), skilled to work in gold and silver, bronze and iron, stone and wood, purple and blue, fine linen and crimson, and to make any engraving and to accomplish any plan which may be given to him, with your skillful men and with the skillful men of my lord David your father." In the original Hebrew version of 2 Chronicles 2:13, the phrase translated above as "Huram my master craftsman" is "ḤWRM 'BY" Ḥiram 'abi.
Other accounts of a Biblical Hiram Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews (Chapter 3:76) refers to Hiram as an Artificer. "Now Solomon sent for an artificer out of Tyre, whose name was Hiram: he was by birth of the tribe of Naphtali, on his mother's side (for she was of that tribe); but his father was Ur, of the stock of the Israelites."
Other theories According to authors Robert Lomas and Christopher Knight, Hiram Abiff would have been Egyptian king Seqenenre Tao II, who met an extremely similar death. This idea is dismissed by most Masonic scholars.
“The sons of Benjamin according to their clans: of Bela, the clan of the Belaites; of Ashbel, the clan of the Ashbelites; of Ahiram, the clan of the Ahiramites;”(Numbers 26:38)
“And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, also carpenters and masons who built David a house.”(2 Samuel 5:11)
“Preparations for Building the Temple
[1] Now Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants to Solomon when he heard that they had anointed him king in place of his father, for Hiram always loved David.”(1 Kings 5:1)
[1]Ch 5:15 in Hebrew
“And Solomon sent word to Hiram,”(1 Kings 5:2)
“As soon as Hiram heard the words of Solomon, he rejoiced greatly and said, “Blessed be the Lord this day, who has given to David a wise son to be over this great people.””(1 Kings 5:7)
“And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, “I have heard the message that you have sent to me. I am ready to do all you desire in the matter of cedar and cypress timber.”(1 Kings 5:8)
“So Hiram supplied Solomon with all the timber of cedar and cypress that he desired,” (1 Kings 5:10)
“while Solomon gave Hiram 20,000 cors[1] of wheat as food for his household, and 20,000[2] cors of beaten oil. Solomon gave this to Hiram year by year.”(1 Kings 5:11)
[1]A cor was about 6 bushels or 220 liters [2]Septuagint; Hebrew twenty
“And the Lord gave Solomon wisdom, as he promised him. And there was peace between Hiram and Solomon, and the two of them made a treaty.”(1 Kings 5:12)
1 Kings 5:18(Show 1 Kings 5)
“So Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders and the men of Gebal did the cutting and prepared the timber and the stone to build the house.”(1 Kings 5:18)
“The Temple Furnishings
And King Solomon sent and brought Hiram from Tyre.”(1 Kings 7:13)
“Hiram also made the pots, the shovels, and the basins. So Hiram finished all the work that he did for King Solomon on the house of the Lord:”(1 Kings 7:40)
“Now the pots, the shovels, and the basins, all these vessels in the house of the Lord, which Hiram made for King Solomon, were of burnished bronze.”(1 Kings 7:45)
“and Hiram king of Tyre had supplied Solomon with cedar and cypress timber and gold, as much as he desired, King Solomon gave to Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee.”(1 Kings 9:11)
“But when Hiram came from Tyre to see the cities that Solomon had given him, they did not please him.”(1 Kings 9:12)
“Hiram had sent to the king 120 talents[1] of gold.”(1 Kings 9:14)
[1]A talent was about 75 pounds or 34 kilograms
“And Hiram sent with the fleet his servants, seamen who were familiar with the sea, together with the servants of Solomon.”(1 Kings 9:27)
“Moreover, the fleet of Hiram, which brought gold from Ophir, brought from Ophir a very great amount of almug wood and precious stones.”(1 Kings 10:11)
“For the king had a fleet of ships of Tarshish at sea with the fleet of Hiram. Once every three years the fleet of ships of Tarshish used to come bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.[1] “(1 Kings 10:22)
[1]Or baboons
“Malchiram, Pedaiah, Shenazzar, Jekamiah, Hoshama and Nedabiah;”(1 Chronicles 3:18)
“David's Wives and Children
And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, also masons and carpenters to build a house for him.”(1 Chronicles 14:1)
“And Solomon sent word to Hiram the king of Tyre: “As you dealt with David my father and sent him cedar to build himself a house to dwell in, so deal with me.”(2 Chronicles 2:3)
“Then Hiram the king of Tyre answered in a letter that he sent to Solomon, “Because the Lord loves his people, he has made you king over them.””(2 Chronicles 2:11)
“Hiram also said, “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, who made heaven and earth, who has given King David a wise son, who has discretion and understanding, who will build a temple for the Lord and a royal palace for himself.”(2 Chronicles 2:12)
“Now I have sent a skilled man, who has understanding, Huram-abi, 14 the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre. He is trained to work in gold, silver, bronze, iron, stone, and wood, and in purple, blue, and crimson fabrics and fine linen, and to do all sorts of engraving and execute any design that may be assigned him, with your craftsmen, the craftsmen of my lord, David your father.”(2 Chronicles 2:13-14)
“Hiram also made the pots, the shovels, and the basins. So Hiram finished the work that he did for King Solomon on the house of God:”(2 Chronicles 4:11)
“Solomon rebuilt the cities that Hiram had given to him, and settled the people of Israel in them.”(2 Chronicles 8:2)
“And Hiram sent to him by the hand of his servants ships and servants familiar with the sea, and they went to Ophir together with the servants of Solomon and brought from there 450 talents[1] of gold and brought it to King Solomon.”(2 Chronicles 8:18)
[1]A talent was about 75 pounds or 34 kilograms
“Moreover, the servants of Hiram and the servants of Solomon, who brought gold from Ophir, brought algum wood and precious stones.”(2 Chronicles 9:10)
“For the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Hiram. Once every three years the ships of Tarshish used to come bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.[1]”(2 Chronicles 9:21)
[1]Or baboons
- Psalm 83:7
Gebal and Ammon and Amalek, Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre;
Psalm 83:6-8 (in Context) Psalm 83 (Whole Chapter) - Psalm 87:4
Among those who know me I mention Rahab and Babylon;behold, Philistia and Tyre, with Cush —"This one was born there," they say.
Psalm 87:3-5 (in Context) Psalm 87 (Whole Chapter) - Isaiah 23:1
[ An Oracle Concerning Tyre and Sidon ] The oracle concerning Tyre.Wail, O ships of Tarshish,for Tyre is laid waste, without house or harbor!From the land of Cyprus it is revealed to them.
Isaiah 23:1-3 (in Context) Isaiah 23 (Whole Chapter) - Isaiah 23:5
When the report comes to Egypt,they will be in anguish over the report about Tyre.
Isaiah 23:4-6 (in Context) Isaiah 23 (Whole Chapter) - Isaiah 23:8
Who has purposed thisagainst Tyre, the bestower of crowns,whose merchants were princes,whose traders were the honored of the earth?
Isaiah 23:7-9 (in Context) Isaiah 23 (Whole Chapter) - Isaiah 23:15
In that day Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years, like the days of one king. At the end of seventy years, it will happen to Tyre as in the song of the prostitute:
Isaiah 23:14-16 (in Context) Isaiah 23 (Whole Chapter) - Isaiah 23:17
At the end of seventy years, the LORD will visit Tyre, and she will return to her wages and will prostitute herself with all the kingdoms of the world on the face of the earth.
Isaiah 23:16-18 (in Context) Isaiah 23 (Whole Chapter) - Jeremiah 25:22
all the kings of Tyre, all the kings of Sidon, and the kings of the coastland across the sea;
Jeremiah 25:21-23 (in Context) Jeremiah 25 (Whole Chapter) - Jeremiah 27:3
Send word to the king of Edom, the king of Moab, the king of the sons of Ammon, the king of Tyre, and the king of Sidon by the hand of the envoys who have come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah.
Jeremiah 27:2-4 (in Context) Jeremiah 27 (Whole Chapter) - Jeremiah 47:4
because of the day that is coming to destroyall the Philistines,to cut off from Tyre and Sidonevery helper that remains.For the LORD is destroying the Philistines, the remnant of the coastland of Caphtor.
Jeremiah 47:3-5 (in Context) Jeremiah 47 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 26:1
[ Prophecy Against Tyre ] In the eleventh year, on the first day of the month, the word of the LORD came to me:
Ezekiel 26:1-3 (in Context) Ezekiel 26 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 26:2
"Son of man, because Tyre said concerning Jerusalem, 'Aha, the gate of the peoples is broken; it has swung open to me. I shall be replenished, now that she is laid waste,'
Ezekiel 26:1-3 (in Context) Ezekiel 26 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 26:3
therefore thus says the Lord GOD: Behold, I am against you, O Tyre, and will bring up many nations against you, as the sea brings up its waves.
Ezekiel 26:2-4 (in Context) Ezekiel 26 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 26:4
They shall destroy the walls of Tyre and break down her towers, and I will scrape her soil from her and make her a bare rock.
Ezekiel 26:3-5 (in Context) Ezekiel 26 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 26:7
"For thus says the Lord GOD: Behold, I will bring against Tyre from the north Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, king of kings, with horses and chariots, and with horsemen and a host of many soldiers.
Ezekiel 26:6-8 (in Context) Ezekiel 26 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 26:15
"Thus says the Lord GOD to Tyre: Will not the coastlands shake at the sound of your fall, when the wounded groan, when slaughter is made in your midst?
Ezekiel 26:14-16 (in Context) Ezekiel 26 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 27:1
[ A Lament for Tyre ] The word of the LORD came to me:
Ezekiel 27:1-3 (in Context) Ezekiel 27 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 27:2
"Now you, son of man, raise a lamentation over Tyre,
Ezekiel 27:1-3 (in Context) Ezekiel 27 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 27:3
and say to Tyre, who dwells at the entrances to the sea, merchant of the peoples to many coastlands, thus says the Lord GOD:"O Tyre, you have said,'I am perfect in beauty.'
Ezekiel 27:2-4 (in Context) Ezekiel 27 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 27:8
The inhabitants of Sidon and Arvadwere your rowers;your skilled men, O Tyre, were in you;they were your pilots.
Ezekiel 27:7-9 (in Context) Ezekiel 27 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 27:32
In their wailing they raise a lamentation for youand lament over you: 'Who is like Tyre,like one destroyed in the midst of the sea?
Ezekiel 27:31-33 (in Context) Ezekiel 27 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 28:1
[ Prophecy Against the Prince of Tyre ] The word of the LORD came to me:
Ezekiel 28:1-3 (in Context) Ezekiel 28 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 28:2
"Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, Thus says the Lord GOD: "Because your heart is proud,and you have said, 'I am a god,I sit in the seat of the gods,in the heart of the seas,'yet you are but a man, and no god, though you make your heart like the heart of a god--
Ezekiel 28:1-3 (in Context) Ezekiel 28 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 28:11
[ A Lament over the King of Tyre ] Moreover, the word of the LORD came to me:
Ezekiel 28:10-12 (in Context) Ezekiel 28 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 28:12
"Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him, Thus says the Lord GOD:"You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
Ezekiel 28:11-13 (in Context) Ezekiel 28 (Whole Chapter) - Ezekiel 29:18
"Son of man, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon made his army labor hard against Tyre. Every head was made bald, and every shoulder was rubbed bare, yet neither he nor his army got anything from Tyre to pay for the labor that he had performed against her.
Ezekiel 29:17-19 (in Context) Ezekiel 29 (Whole Chapter) - Joel 3:4
"What are you to me, O Tyre and Sidon, and all the regions of Philistia? Are you paying me back for something? If you are paying me back, I will return your payment on your own head swiftly and speedily.
Joel 3:3-5 (in Context) Joel 3 (Whole Chapter) - Amos 1:9
Thus says the LORD: "For three transgressions of Tyre,and for four, I will not revoke the punishment,because they delivered up a whole people to Edom,and did not remember the covenant of brotherhood.
Amos 1:8-10 (in Context) Amos 1 (Whole Chapter) - Amos 1:10
So I will send a fire upon the wall of Tyre,and it shall devour her strongholds."
Amos 1:9-11 (in Context) Amos 1 (Whole Chapter) - Zechariah 9:2
and on Hamath also, which borders on it, Tyre and Sidon, though they are very wise.
Zechariah 9:1-3 (in Context) Zechariah 9 (Whole Chapter) - Zechariah 9:3
Tyre has built herself a rampartand heaped up silver like dust,and fine gold like the mud of the streets.
Zechariah 9:2-4 (in Context) Zechariah 9 (Whole Chapter) - Matthew 11:21
"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.
Matthew 11:20-22 (in Context) Matthew 11 (Whole Chapter) - Matthew 11:22
But I tell you, it will be more bearable on the day of judgment for Tyre and Sidon than for you.
Matthew 11:21-23 (in Context) Matthew 11 (Whole Chapter)
Members of Great British Parliament that mandates control over the nations of the world were Freemasons. Most of the United States Presidents and Congress and Supreme Court Judges as well as other world leaders of the world Governments are members of the Freemasons as well
Including Paul Revere, American Revolutionary hero, St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, Massachusetts; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794-97.
They only needed to implement freemasonry in this country until the Central Banks were completely established with Roosevelt.
Here is a list of some:
A
- José Abad Santos, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[1]
- John Abbott Canadian Prime Minister (1891–1892). Initiated St. Paul's, No. 374, E.R., Montreal, 1847.[2]
- William "Bud" Abbott of the Abbott & Costello comedy team.[3]
- Nicanor Abelardo, Filipino composer. Raised in Luzon Lodge No. 57 [4]
- Sherman Adams Governor of New Hampshire and U.S. Congressman.[3]
- Edward Neville da Costa Andrade, English physicist. Initiated into Lodge Progresso No. 4 in 1935.[5]
- Lewis Addison Armistead, Confederate general during the American Civil War. Alexandria-Washington Lodge #22, Alexandria, Virginia[6]
- Gregorio Aglipay, Supreme Bishop of the Philippine Independent Church.[7]
- Emilio Aguinaldo President of the Philippines. Pilar Lodge No. 203 (now Pilar Lodge No. 15) at Imus Cavite and was founder of Magdalo Lodge No. 31 (renamed Emilio Aguinaldo Lodge No. 31 in his honor).[3]
- Agustín I of Mexico, emperor of Mexico[8]
- Nelson Aldrich, United States Senator from Rhode Island. Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island 1877-78, member of What Cheer lodge.[3]
- Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin Astronaut. Montclair Lodge No. 144, New Jersey.[9]
- Elizabeth Aldworth, Noted female Mason. Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degree in 1712.[10]
- Vasile Alecsandri Romanian Poet, playwright, politician and diplomat.[11]
- José Eloy Alfaro Delgado - President of Ecuador[12]
- Salvador Allende Socialist president of Chile (1970–1973). Lodge Progreso No. 4, Valparaíso.[9]
- Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri, Sufi mystic, scholar and political leader.1864 (one on-line source says 1867, contemporary sources say 1864), member Henri IV, Paris, but degree work conducted at Lodge of the Pyramids, Alexandria, Egypt [13][14]
- Ezra Ames, Portrait painter[3]
- Jules Anspach, Belgian Liberal politician[15]
- Galicano Apacible, Filipino politician.[16]
- Raymond Apple, Chief Rabbi, Great Synagogue (Sydney), Australia, (1972–2005)[17]
- Sir Edward Victor Appleton, English Physicist. Nobel Prize 1947. Isaac Newton Lodge No. 859, Cambridge.[9]
- Dennis Archer, US Politician. Geometry Lodge #49 (Prince Hall), Detroit[18]
- Constantin Argetoianu, Prime Minister of Romania, 1939.[11]
- John Armstrong, Jr., American soldier, delegate to the Continental Congress, United States Senator and United States Secretary of War. Hibernia Lodge No. 339, New York.[19]
- Thomas Arne Composer of Rule Britannia [5]
- Benedict Arnold, Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven, Connecticut[20]
- Eddy Arnold, singer[3]
- François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire), Raised 1778 by WM Ben Franklin, Loge des Neuf Sœurs, Paris[21]
- Gheorghe Asachi Romanian writer, poet, painter, historian, dramatist and translator.[11]
- Elias Ashmole, 17th-century English antiquary and politician, Warrington Lodge, Lancashire[22]
- John Jacob Astor, American Financier, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York, 1790[23]
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk National hero and founder of the modern Republic of Turkey. Macedonia Risorta Lodge No. 80 (some claim Lodge Veritas), Thessaloniki[24][25][26]
- Stephen F. Austin Secretary of State for the Republic of Texas. Louisiana Lodge No. 109, Missouri.[3]
- Gene Autry, Movie and television star, Catoosa Lodge No. 185, OK[27]
- Johann Christian Bach, Composer. Lodge of Nine Muses No. 235, London.[28]
- Michael Baigent, British author and editor of Freemasonry Today[29]
- Mikhail Bakunin, Russian revolutionary, Lodge Il Progresso Sociale, Florence 1864,[30]
- Nicolae Bălcescu, Romanian historian, journalist and 1848 revolutionary.[11]
- Henry Baldwin, US Associate Justice (1830–1844):[31] Master of Lodge No. 45 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1805[31]
- Harold Ballard, One time owner of Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League team. Corinthian No. 481, GRC, Toronto, ON.[2]
- Simion Bărnuţiu, Romanian philosopher and politician.[32]
- Diego Martínez Barrio, Prime minister of Spain and founder of the Republican Union Party[33]
- Frederic Bartholdi, Sculptor of the Statue of Liberty in New York. Lodge Alsace-Lorraine, Paris.[34]
- Edmund Barton, first Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia, Speaker of the legislative assembly.[3]
- William "Count" Basie, Jazz orchestra leader and composer. Wisdom Lodge No. 102 (Prince Hall), Chicago. Also a Shriner.[3]
- Frederick Bates, Governor of Missouri.[3]
- Birch Bayh, US Senator from Indiana from 1962-1981.[3]
- Daniel Carter Beard, Founder of the Boy Scouts. Made a Mason in Mariner's Lodge No. 67, New York City, New York, and later affiliated with Cornucopia Lodge 563, Flushing, New York.[35]
- Gunning Bedford, Jr, Signer of the U.S. Constitution, first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Delaware.[36]
- Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1935–1939, 1945–1948). Ian Amos Komensky Lodge No. 1, Prague.[37]
- R.B. Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada 1930-1935.[3]
- Lloyd M. Bentsen, US Senator from Texas[3]
- Irving Berlin, Composer. Munn Lodge No.190, New York.[38]
- Silvio Berlusconi, Italian media tycoon and politician. Propaganda Due, Expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy[39]
- Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician and statesman. Logia Unión Germana, San Germán, Puerto Rico.[40]
- George Valentin Bibescu, Romanian aviation pioneer, Grand Master of Romanian Grand Lodge from 1911 to 1916.[11]
- Henry Harrison Bingham, Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Chartiers Lodge #297, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.[6]
- Hiram Bingham III, American explorer, discovered the ruins of Machu Picchu. Hiram Lodge No. 1, Connecticut[41]
- Francis Bischof, Queensland Australia Police Commissioner from 1958-1969.[42]
- Hugo L. Black, US Associate Justice (1937–1971),[31] Birmingham Temple Lodge No. 836, Birmingham, AL
- John Blair, US Associate Justice (1789–96), and Grand Master of Virginia from 1778 to 1784.[31]
- Mel Blanc, American voice actor.[43]
- Samuel Blatchford, US Associate Justice (1882–1893)[31]
- Moses Bloom, Iowa politician.[44]
- Dimitrie Bolintineanu, Romainan poet, politician, 1848 revolutionary.[11]
- Simón Bolívar, Leader of South American independence. (Initiated: Cádiz, Spain)[35] Founding brother of Lodge Order and Liberty No. 2, Peru, 1824[45]
- Cezar Bolliac, Radical Romanian political figure, amateur archaeologist, journalist and Romantic poet.[11]
- Shadrach Bond, first Governor of Illinois.[46]
- Andrés Bonifacio, Leader during Philippine Revolution from Spain. Taliba Lodge No. 165 under Gran Oriente Español (Spanish Grand Lodge).[47]
- Omar Bongo, President of Gabon.[48]
- Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada St. Andrew's Lodge No. 1, Halifax, Nova Scotia[49]
- Gutzon Borglum, American sculpture, raised in Howard Lodge No. 35.[50]
- Walter Breuning Currently the oldest man alive[citation needed]
- Lincoln Borglum, Son of Gutzon Borglum, completed the Mount Rushmore project, raised in Battle River Lodge No. 92.[50]
- Ernest Borgnine, Actor, Abingdon Lodge No. 48;[51] however another source indicates Melrose Lodge No. 63, California[52]
- James Boswell, Scottish writer, raised in Canongate Kilwinning Lodge at Edinburgh, 1759[6]
- Mackenzie Bowell, Prime Minister of Canada from 1894-1896[35]
- James Bowie, Frontiersman, Inventor of the Bowie knife. L'Humble Chaumiere Lodge No. 19 Opelousas, Louisiana.[53]
- William D. Boyce, founder of the Boy Scouts of America[54]
- Charles Bradlaugh, 19th century Atheist and Republican MP, Grand Lodge des Philadelphes, London[55]
- Omar N. Bradley, US General. West Point Lodge No. 877, New York[35]
- Sir Donald Bradman, Australian Cricketer.[56]
- Johannes Brahms, Composer.[57]
- Sir Christoffel Brand, first Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Cape Colony[58]
- Joseph Brant, Principal Chief of the Six Nations Indians. Initiated in Lodge No. 417, 1776. First Master of Lodge No. 11, Mohawk Village (near Brantford) in 1798.[2]
- Dimitrie Brătianu, Prime Minister of Romania (1881).[11]
- Ion C. Brătianu, Romanian politician, three-time Prime Minister of Romania.[11]
- David Brearley, Signer of the US Constitution on behalf of New Jersey, the first Grand Master of Masons for the State of New Jersey.[59]
- Henry Brougham, Scottish abolitionist and founder of Edinburgh Review. Raised in Fortrose Lodge, Stornway, Scotland[6]
- James Bruce, Scottish explorer. Canongate Kilwinning Lodge[6]
- Samuel von Brukenthal, Baron of the Holy Roman Empire.[11]
- William Jennings Bryan, American politician, United States Congressman, U. S. Secretary of State and presidential candidate. Lincoln Lodge No. 19, Lincoln, Nebraska.[60]
- James Buchanan, U.S. President,[35] Lodge No. 43, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
- Frank Buckles, last living American veteran of World War I.[61]
- Charles Buls, mayor of Brussels[15]
- Luther Burbank, US horticulturist, botanist, agricultural science pioneer. Santa Rosa Lodge No. 57,[6]
- Arleigh Burke, US Admiral[27] Supreme Temple Architect (Honored in 1997)[62]
- Robert Burnaby, English explorer and businessman. First Past Master of Victoria Lodge No. 1085, District Grand Master (English) of British Columbia.[63]
- Conrad Burns, US Senator from Montana[3]
- Robert Burns, National poet of Scotland. St. David's Lodge No. 174, Tarbolton.[64]
- Harold H. Burton, US Associate Justice (1945–1958)[31]
- Arthur Leopold Busch, naval architect. Member of Peconic Lodge No. 349 Greenport, New York.[citation needed]
- Cyriel Buysse, Flemish nationalist writer[15]
- Harry F. Byrd, Governor of Virginia, United States Senator from Virginia. Hiram Lodge No. 21, Winchester, Virginia.[65]
- Richard E. Byrd, US Admiral. Initiated in Federal Lodge No. 1 and founded First Antarctic Lodge No. 777 in 1935[6]
- James F. Byrnes, US Associate Justice (1941–1942)[31]
- Alessandro Cagliostro, Sicilian charlatan and occultist[66]
- Plutarco Elías Calles, President of Mexico[67]
- Malcolm Campbell, English motor-racer[6]
- Manuel Camus, Philippine Senator. October 12, 1898, Zetland in the East Lodge No 508 Singapore, under the jurisdiction of the M. W. Grand Lodge of England.[68]
- Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino Prime Minister of Romania.[11]
- Eddie Cantor. Entertainer, raised in Munn Lodge No 190, New York City[6]
- Emmanuel Carasso. Ottoman lawyer and politician, Grand Master of the Italian-rite Macedonia Risorta in Salonica.[69]
- Carol II King of Romania (1930–40).[11]
- José Miguel Carrera, Chilean General and President.[70] St. John's Lodge No. 1, New York[71]
- Kit Carson, American Adventurer. Montezuma Lodge No. 109, Sante Fe, New Mexico[35]
- Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, "lodge of the Duke of Clermont", Paris, 1750[72]
- Paul Foster Case, Founder of the Los Angeles occult school, the Builders of the Adytum, Fairport Lodge No. 476, Fairport, New York[73]
- Lewis Cass, US Politician and diplomat. American Union Lodge No.1, Marietta, Ohio. First Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan[74][75]
- Marc Chagall, Russian artist. initiated in 1912[76]
- Thomas Chalmers, Lodge St. Vigean, 1800[76]
- Joshua Chamberlain, Commander of US forces on Little Round Top during the American Civil War battle of Gettysburg, and governor of Maine. United Lodge #8, Brunswick, Maine[77]
- Nicolas Chamfort, French writer, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris[21]
- Walter Chrysler Founder of Chrysler Corporation.[3]
- Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Studholme Alliance Lodge No. 1591, Rosemary Lodge No. 2851. (Note: The Churchill Society claims he resigned from his Lodges in 1912.)[78]
- André Citroen, French engineer and motor-car manufacturer, Lodge La Philosophie, Paris[76]
- John H. Clarke, US Associate Justice (1916–1922)[31]
- Thomas C. Clark, US Associate Justice (1949–1967)[31]
- Mark Wayne Clark, US Army General, Mystic Tie Lodge No. 398, Indianapolis[76]
- William Clark, Explorer, Lewis and Clark expedition. Saint Louis Lodge No. 111.[79]
- Henry Clay Speaker of the. U.S. House of Representatives and Grand Master of Kentucky.[3]
- Moses Cleaveland founded the city of Cleaveland, Ohio, Worshipful Master of Moriah Lodge in 1791[76]
- DeWitt Clinton, Governor of New York State, Grand Master of NY during the Morgan Affair, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York, 1790[80]
- Tyrus Cobb, baseball star. Royston Lodge No. 426, Detroit[76]
- William F. Cody, a.k.a. Buffalo Bill, raised in Platte Valley Lodge No. 15, Nebraska[81]
- George Cohan, Broadway star, raised in Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York City[81]
- Harry Cohn, Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York[52]
- Ernest E. Cole, Commissioner of Education of the State of New York, (1940–1942)[82]
- Nat King Cole pianist and ballad singer.[3]
- Thomas Cole, English-born American artist, founder of Hudson River School. Amity Lodge No. 5, Zanesville, Ohio.[83]
- Samuel Colt manufacturer of Colt revolvers[81]
- Émile Combes, French Prime Minister[84][85][86]
- Spencer Compton, 7th Marquess of Northampton, Pro Grand Master, United Grand Lodge of England, 2001-2009[87][88]
- Charlie Conacher, Canadian ice hockey player. Initiated in North Gate Lodge No. 591, Pickering, Ontario, in 1935.[2]
- Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician and philosopher, Lodges de Neuf Soeurs[81]
- Leroy Cooper, U.S. astronaut, member of Carbondale Lodge No. 82, Colorado[81]
- Harry H. Corbett actor- star of Steptoe and Son[89]
- Jess Conrad entertainer, Member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098[90]
- Charles de Coster, Belgian author [15]
- Edith Cowan, First woman elected to Australian Parliament, Member of St Cuthberts Lodge Perth Australia (Le Droit Humain).[91]
- Francesco Crispi, Prime Minister of Italy[92] (possibly expelled in 1894?)[93]
- Miron Cristea Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1925–39), Prime Minister of Romania (1938–39).[11]
- Davy Crockett, 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician[81]
- Aleister Crowley, English occultist, Anglo-Saxon Lodge No. 343, Paris (GLdF), 1904[94]
- Abraham Curry, founding father of Carson City, Nevada. Masonic Lodge No. 1, Carson City.[95]
- William Cushing, US Associate Justice (1789–1810),[31] St. Andrews Lodge, Boston
- Alexander John Cuza Romanian Domnitor of the Danubian Principalities, 1859-66.[11]
- Erasmus Darwin, English physician, philosopher, poet, grandfather of Charles Darwin. Member of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge No. 2, Edinburgh, Scotland.[96]
- Eugène Goblet d'Alviella, Vice-chancellor of the Université Libre de Bruxelles and Belgian senator.[15]
- Jim Davidson. British comedian, Former Master, Chelsea Lodge, England (resigned), Founding Master of British Forces Foundation (Lodge) No. 9725[97][98]
- William Richardson Davie, American politician and Grand Master of North Carolina from 1792-1798.[99]
- Carol Davila Romanian Physician.[11]
- William Crosby Dawson, U.S. Judge and Politician, San Marino Lodge No. 34, F.&A.M, Greensboro, GA. Grand Master of Masons in Georgia from 1843 until his death in Greensboro on May 6, 1856.[100]
- William Ralph "Dixie" Dean, Everton and England footballer 1925–1937; initiated in Randle Holme Lodge, No. 3261, Birkenhead, Cheshire on 18 February 1931.[101]
- Roger De Courcey, ventriloquist - Member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098[90]
- Ovide Decroly, Belgian educationalist. initiated in Lodge Les Amis Philanthropes No. 2, Brussels in 1902 [81]
- Cecil B. DeMille Movie Director, member of Prince of Orange Lodge No. 16, New York City[81]
- Süleyman Demirel, 9th President of the Republic of Turkey. Bilgi Lodge No.015, Ankara. Grand Lodge of Turkey.[102]
- Jack Dempsey, heavyweight boxing champion in 1919, Kenwood Lodge No. 800, Chicago[81]
- Frédéric Desmons, Protestant priest who persuaded the Grand Orient de France to remove the term of the Great Architect of the Universe from their Constitution[103]
- Willis Van Devanter, U.S. Associate Justice (1911–1937)[31]
- Thomas Dewey, 47th Governor of New York (1902–1971)[104]
- Blaise Diagne, Senegalese political leader[105]
- Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico[106]
- Denver S. Dickerson, Governor of Nevada[107]
- John George Diefenbaker, Prime Minister of Canada, Wakaw Lodge No. 166, Wakaw, SK[108]
- Everett Dirksen U.S. Congressman and Minority Leader of the U.S. Senate.[3]
- Henry Dodge U.S. Senator from Wisconsin.[3]
- Bob Dole, U.S. politician[27] Russell Lodge No. 177, Kansas[35]
- Ed Doolan U.S. Radio Presenter[109]
- James Doolittle, U.S. General.[27]
- Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician, Weyburn Lodge No. 20, Weyburn, SK[110]
- William O. Douglas, U.S. Associate Justice (1939–1975)[31]
- Jim Douglas, Governor of Vermont
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle British physician and author, creator of Sherlock Holmes.[3]
- Edwin Drake, U.S. oil industry pioneer, Oil Creek Lodge No. 3, Titusville, Pennsylvania[81]
- Jean Henri Dunant founder of the Red Cross and shared the first Nobel Prize[111]
- Herbert Dunnico, UK Politician and Master of the New Welcome Lodge[112]
- Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen, UK art dealer, Royal Colonial Institute Lodge No. 3556[111]
- Hubert Eaton, American chemist, Euclid Lodge, No. 58, Great Falls, Montana[111]
- John David Eaton, President of the Canadian based T. Eaton Company. Assiniboine, No. 114, G.R.M., Winnipeg.[2]
- Edinburgh, Duke of, see entry below for Prince Philip
- Edward VII, King of Great Britain[98]
- Edward VIII, King of Great Britain[98]
- Gustave Eiffel, Designer and architect of the Eiffel Tower.[113]
- Duke Ellington, Musician, Social Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C., Prince Hall Affiliation[111]
- Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice of the United States (1796–1800)[31]
- John Elway Hall of Fame Quarterback for Denver Broncos (1983–1998), South Denver- Lodge No. 93, Denver, CO [114]
- Sam Ervin, US Senator.[27]
- Bob Etheridge, Member of Congress (D - NC), Bakersville Lodge No. 357, North Carolina [115][115][116]
- Paul Edwards, Grand Master.[27]
- Eberhard Faber, founder of the Faber Pencil Company. Chancellor Walworth No. 271, New York.[111]
- Douglas Fairbanks, movie star. Member of Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528[111]
- Ettore Ferrari, Italian sculptor. Grand Master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia.[117]
- Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, Hungarian ecclesiastic and writer. Member of Lodge Pythagoras of the Blazing Star in Berlin.[118]
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher. Member of Lodge Pythagoras of the Blazing Star in Berlin.[118]
- Stephen J. Field, US Associate Justice (1863–1897)[31]
- W. C. Fields, American comedian, E. Coppee Mitchell Lodge No. 605, Philadelphia[111]
- Abram Fitkin, American businessman and philanthropist (1878-1933), Altair Lodge No. 601, Brooklyn[119]
- Charles Finney, American preacher, evangelist and author (1792–1875). Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32 in Warren, New York. Finney asked for dismissal and was discharged.[120]
- Hamilton Fish IV, US Politician[121]
- Geoffrey Fisher, the 99th Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion.[35][98]
- John Fitch, US engineer. Member of Bristol lodge No.25[111]
- Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. London Scottish Rifles Lodge No. 2310.[122]
- Sanford Fleming, Canadian engineer and inventor. St. Andrew's No. 16, Toronto, Ontario.[2]
- Benjamin Franklin, American inventor and statesman. St. John's Lodge, Philadelphia, February 1731[123]
- Clark Gable, Actor, Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528, California[52]
- Isabelle Gatti de Gamond, pioneering Belgian secular educationalist and Socialist activist[15]
- James A. Garfield, U.S. President. Magnolia Lodge No. 20, Columbus Lodge No. 30, and Garrettsville Lodge No. 246, Ohio[35][124]
- Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general.[125]
- Licio Gelli, Italian politician. Worshipful master of Propaganda Due - Expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy.[126]
- George IV, King of Great Britain, UGLE[98]
- George VI, King of Great Britain, UGLE[98]
- Ion Ghica, twice Prime Minister of Romania, four-time President of the Romanian Academy.[11]
- Sir W S Gilbert, one half of 'Gilbert and Sullivan'.[127]
- King C. Gillette, American businessman[128]
- Nicholas Gilman, delegate to the Continental Congress, signer of the U.S. Constitution, member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, New Hampshire[129]
- John H. Glenn, Jr., Astronaut and US Senator[27] Concord Lodge No.688 Concord, Ohio[35]
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German philosopher and Poet. Lodge Amelie, Weimar.[130]
- Octavian Goga, Prime Minister of Romania (1937–38).[11]
- Alexandru G. Golescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1870).[11]
- E. Urner Goodman, co-founder of the Boy Scouts' Order of the Arrow[131]
- Ron Greenwood, England national football team manager 1977-1982; initiated in Lodge of Proven Fellowship, London in 1956[101]
- Henri Grégoire, Roman Catholic priest, Constitutional bishop of Blois and French revolutionary leader.[48]
- D. W. Griffith, Film director, St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York[52]
- Virgil I. Grissom, American astronaut. Mitchell Lodge No. 228, Mitchell, Indiana.[132]
- Habibullah Khan Emir of Afghanistan, 1901-1919. Initiated in India, 1906.[133]
- Manly Palmer Hall, Esoteric author. Raised 1954/11/22 into Jewel Lodge No. 374, San Francisco[134]
- Lionel Hampton, Musician, (Prince Hall).[135]
- John Hancock, American revolutionary, merchant and statesman.[136]
- Winfield Scott Hancock, U.S. General. Charity Lodge #190, Norristown, Pennsylvania[citation needed]
- Warren G. Harding, U.S. President. Marion Lodge No. 70, Ohio[35]
- Oliver Hardy, Actor, Solomon Lodge No. 20, Florida[52]
- John M. Harlan, US Associate Supreme Court Justice.[31]
- Colonel John Harrelson, First Chancellor of NCSU, Raised 28 August 1909 into William G. Hill Lodge No. 218, Raleigh, NC. Member of NCSU Chapter of Square and Compass.[137][138][139]
- Joseph Hewes, Signer of the American Declaration of Independence.[140]
- James Hoban, Architect of the White House, first Master of Federal Lodge No. 1, District of Columbia[141]
- Thomas M. Holt, industrialist, Governor of North Carolina[142]
- J. Edgar Hoover, First Director of the FBI.[27] Grand Cross. Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C.
- Frank Reed Horton, 1918; Royal Arch/York Rite, 1919; Scottish Rite. Founder of Alpha Phi Omega.[143]
- Tim Horton, Canadian ice hockey player. Initiated in Kroy Lodge No. 676, Toronto, Ontario, in 1962.[2]
- Harry Houdini, Escape artist.[144]
- William Howley, the 90th Archbishop of Canterbury, and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Royal York Lodge, Bristol, England.[145][146][147]
- Richard Morris Hunt, American architect, designed the base of the Statue of Liberty.[citation needed]
- Edward John Hutchins (1809–1876), a Liberal MP in the UK Parliament M[148]
- Timothy Hutton, Actor, Herder Lodge No. 698, Borough of Queens, New York[149]
- Camille Huysmans, Mayor of Antwerp and Prime Minister of Belgium.[15]
- Burl Ives, American actor and singer,[27] Magnolia (now Magnolia-La Cumbre) Lodge No. 242, California
- Henry Irving, noted British actor of the Victorian era[150]
- Nat Jackley English comic actor.[151]
- Andrew Jackson, U.S. President. Harmony Lodge No. 1[35]
- Jesse Jackson, US Civil Rights leader and Politician, Harmony Lodge No. 88, Chicago, Illinois (PHA)[152][153]
- Robert H. Jackson, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1941–1954)[31]
- John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States (1789–1795)[31]
- Andrew Johnson, U.S. President. Greenville Lodge No. 119, Tennessee[35]
- Lyndon B. Johnson, U.S. President. Johnson City Lodge No. 561, Texas (EA degree only)[154]
- Al Jolson, Actor, St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York[52]
- John Paul Jones, Naval hero during the American Revolution, St. Bernards Lodge No. 122, Kirkudbright, Scotland[35]
- Melvin Jones, Founder of Lions Clubs International, Garden City Lodge No. 141, Illinois[35]
- Benito Juárez, President of Mexico. Rito Nacional Mexicano de la Logia Independiente, No. 02
- David Kalakaua, King of Hawaii, 1874-91. Lodge Le Progress de l'Oceanie No. 124[35]
- Emanuel Karasu; see Emmanuel Carasso.
- Alexander Keith, Canadian politician and brewmaster, former Grand Master of Nova Scotia [155]
- Rudyard Kipling, UK author and poet, Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782. E.C., Lahore, India; founding member, The Builders of the Silent Cities Lodge No. 12, St. Omer, France, F.R.[156]
- Roger Kitter, actor - Member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098[90]
- Adolph Knigge, German author[157]
- Mark Koltko-Rivera, American scientific author in field of psychology. Winter Park Lodge #239 (Florida).[158]
- Mihail Kogălniceanu Prime Minister of Romania (1863–65), Liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist.[11]
- Otto Kruger, Actor, St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York[52]
- Marquis de Lafayette, French military officer who served as a general in the American Revolutionary War and a leader of the Garde Nationale during the French Revolution.[159]
- Burt Lahr,[52] Pacific Lodge No. 33, New York[citation needed]
- Joseph Lamar, US Associate Justice (1888–1893), Webb Lodge No. 166 F.& A.M., Augusta, Georgia[31]
- Frank S. Land, member of the Ivanhoe Lodge #446 on June 29, 1912 in Kansas City. He was the founder of DeMolay International.[160]
- Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (1873–1932), Afrikaans writer and member of South African parliament.[161][162]
- José P. Laurel, President of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Batangas Lodge No. 383 under the Gran Oriente Espanol, (renamed Batangas Lodge No. 35 under the Grand Lodge of the Philippines).[163]
- Daniel Leavitt, inventor, manufacturer. Member of Chicopee, Massachusetts Lodge[164]
- Scott Leavitt, United States Congressman from Montana. Member of Delta Lodge 128, Great Falls, Montana[165]
- Thomas Leavitt, diplomat, politician, businessman, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Member of Albion Lodge No. 52, Saint John, New Brunswick[166]
- Henry Lee III, Governor of Virginia, United States Congressman from Virginia, father of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Hiram Lodge No. 59, Westmoreland County, Virginia[167]
- Richard Henry Lee, president of the Continental Congress, United States Senator from Virginia. Hiram Lodge No. 59, Westmoreland County, Virginia.[168]
- William Legge, 7th Earl of Dartmouth, British peer and conservative politician. Grand superintendent of the Royal Arch, Staffordshire.[169]
- Leopold I, King of Belgium[15]
- Meriwether Lewis, Explorer, Lewis and Clark expedition. Door to Virtue Lodge No. 44, Albemarle County, Virginia.[79]
- Frank Licht, Politician. Governor of Rhode Island (1969–1973)[170]
- Benjamin Lincoln, Major General in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Member, Rising Sun Lodge, Massachusetts.[171]
- Charles Lindbergh, US Aviator and chairman of the America First Committee, Keystone Lodge No. 243, St. Louis, Mo.[172]
- Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, composer of La Marseillaise[173]
- Pascal Lissouba, president of the Republic of the Congo, 1992-1997.[48]
- Franz Liszt, Composer. Lodge zur Einigkeit, Frankurt.[113]
- Harold Lloyd, silent film comedian and Imperial Potentate of the Shriners of North America, 1949-50.[174]
- Graciano López Jaena, Filipino writer and journalist in the Philippine Revolution. Worshipful Master at Logia Povernir No. 2.[175]
- Trent Lott, Former majority leader of the US Senate[176]
- Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France during the French Revolution[177]
- Juan Luna, Filipino painter and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the 19th century. Raised in Paris, France, under the auspices of Lodge Solidaridad 53.[178]
- Apolinario Mabini, First prime minister, 1899. September 1892 at Logia Balagtas 149 under the Grand Oriente Espanol.[179]
- General Douglas MacArthur, US General during World War II,[27] Manila Lodge No. 1, 1936, Philippines [35]
- Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada (1867–1873 and 1878–1891). Began the creation of rail service across Canada. St. John's Lodge No. 758, Kingston, Ontario. Honourary Past Grand Senior Warden.[2]
- John Bayne Maclean, Canadian founder of Maclean's Magazine and President of Maclean's Publishing Co. Ionic Lodge No. 25, Toronto, ON.[2]
- Robert Macoy, US publisher and organizer of Eastern Star[180]
- Titu Maiorescu, Romanian literary critic and politician, Prime Minister of Romania (1913–14).[11]
- John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835), Grand Master of Virginia from 1793-1795[31]
- Joseph Martin (1740–1808), Virginia militia general, explorer and Indian agent[181]
- Thomas S. Martin, United States Senator from Virginia. Scottsville Lodge No. 4, Scottsville, Virginia[182]
- Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1967–1991), Coal Creek Lodge No. 88, Tulsa, Oklahoma PHA[35]
- Harpo Marx, US film comedian[183]
- Francis Mason, American missionary and zoologist[184]
- James Mawdsley (1848–1902), English trade unionist[185]
- Louis B. Mayer, Director, St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York[52]
- Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian Revolutionary, Grand Master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia[117]
- John S. McCain, Jr. (1911–1981), US admiral, made "Mason at Sight", Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, 1975, enrolled St. John's Lodge No. 11[186]
- John S. McCain, Sr. (1884–1945), US admiral, Carrollton Lodge No. 36[187]
- Henry Joy McCracken, Member of the Society of the United Irishmen[188]
- William McKinley, U.S. President. Hiram Lodge No. 21, Virginia. Demitted to become a charter member of Eagle Lodge No. 431, later renamed William McKinley Lodge, Ohio[35]
- Samuel McLaughlin, Founder and President of the McLaughlin Carriage Co. which later became General Motors of Canada. Cedar Lodge No. 270, Oshawa, Ontario. Grand Steward in 1945, 75 year member in the Craft. Royal Arch, Knight Templar, President of Oshawa Shrine Club.[2]
- John McLean, US Associate Justice (1829–1861)[31]
- Ned Ray McWherter, Governor of Tennessee (1987–1995).[189]
- Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal, 18th century Portuguese statesman[190][191]
- Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, Spanish minister of the Treasury, Taller Sublime, Cádiz[192]
- Sir Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia, Austral Temple Lodge No. 110, VC[193]
- Joe Mercer, England national football team manager 1974; initiated in Rivacre Lodge, No. 5805, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire in 1941[101]
- Kweisi Mfume, President NAACP, Mount Olive Lodge No. 25, Baltimore, Maryland (Prince Hall).[194]
- George Middleton, Third Master of African Lodge #459 (Prince Hall)[195]
- J. B. Milam (1884–1949), Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, 32 degree Mason[196]
- Sherman Minton, US Associate Justice (1949–1956)[31]
- Ion Minulescu, Romanian poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic and playwright.[11]
- John Molson, Founder of Molson Breweries. St. Paul's Lodge, No. 374 UGLE, Montreal. Past Provincial Grand Master.[2]
- Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and television presenter, Chelsea Lodge No.3098.[197][198]
- James Monroe, U.S. President, Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia.[199][200]
- Jacque-Étienne Montgolfier, co-inventor of the Hot air balloon, 1745 - 1799. Initiated 1784, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris[201]
- Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, co-inventor of the Hot air balloon, 1740 - 1810. Initiated 1806, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris[201]
- William H. Moody, US Associate Justice (1906–1910)[31]
- Robert Moray, Scottish philosopher, Edinburgh [Lodge] 1641.[22]
- John Hunt Morgan, General for the Confederate States of America, Daviess Lodge #22, Lexington, Kentucky [202]
- Robert Morris, Poet Laureate of Freemasonry and founder of the Order of the Eastern Star[203]
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Composer. Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, Austria. Composed several pieces of Masonic ritual music, the first at age 11.[204]
- Leopold Mozart, Father of Amadeus, Zur Wohltätigkeit Lodge, Austria.[205]
- Audie Murphy, the most decorated United States soldier of World War II,[27] North Hollywood Lodge No. 542, California[52]
- James Naismith, Canadian-born American sports educator who invented the game of basketball.[2]
- Ernesto Nathan, Italian politician and mayor of Rome, grand master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia[206]
- Thomas Nelson, Jr., Governor of Virginia, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia[207]
- Samuel Nelson, US Associate Justice (1845–1872)[31]
- Kenneth Noye, British criminal, Hammersmith Lodge[208]
- Sam Nunn, US Senator.[27]
- Daniel O'Connell Irish political figure,Lodge No. 189, Dublin, in 1797[209]
- Bernardo O'Higgins South American revolutionary leader and first Chilean head of state as Captain General[210]
- Camilo Osías, President of the Senate of the Philippines.[211]
- Sir William Dillon Otter, Canadian General. Initiated in Ionic Lodge, No. 25, Toronto in February 1869 [212]
- Brad Paisley, American country music artist, Southern Jurisdiction, Scottish Rite.[213]
- John Page, Governor of Virginia, Botetourt Lodge No. 7, Gloucester, Virginia[214]
- Alexandru Paleologu Romanian essayist, literary critic, diplomat and politician.[11]
- Rafael Palma, Filipino politician, writer, and educator. Fourth President of the University of the Philippines. Bagong Buhay Lodge No. 291 (renumbered No. 16) July 14, 1908. Affiliated with Sinukuan Lodge No. 16 and in 1920 became Grand Master, the unified Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands.[215]
- Arnold Palmer, Professional Golfer,[27] Loyalhanna Lodge No. 275, Latrobe, Pennsylvania
- Quintin Paredes, Filipino lawyer, politician, and statesman. Raised November 29, 1913 at Sinukuan Lodge No. 16 and became its Worshipful Master in 1920. Grand Master 1922[216]
- Fess Parker, Actor, Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California[52]
- Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse, First recorded Grand Master of Ireland and founder of the Dublin Hellfire club[217]
- William Paterson, US Associate Justice (1793–1806)[31] and 2nd governor of New Jersey
- Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Grand Master, United Grand Lodge of England[218]
- Charles Willson Peale, esteemed American artist and portrait painter.[219]
- Norman Vincent Peale,[27] Midwood Lodge No. 1062, Brooklyn, New York
- Edmund Pendleton, delegate to the Continental Congress, member of Virginia House of Burgesses, Virginia Supreme Court justice, and statesman. Member of Fairfax Lodge No. 43, Culpeper, Virginia[220]
- John Penn, proprietary governor of Pennsylvania, member of first lodge of Philadelphia.[221]
- James Cash Penney Founder of J. C. Penney department stores. Wasatch Lodge No. 1 in Salt Lake City, Utah.[222]
- Matthew Calbraith Perry, Commodore, US Navy, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York, 1819[23]
- John J. Pershing, Commander, American Expeditionary Force, World War I, Lincoln Lodge No.19, Lincoln, Nebraska.[223]
- Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II, Navy Lodge No 2612, London.[224]
- John Henry Lawrence Phillips, Bishop of Portsmouth,1960-1975: Provincial Grand Master Hampshire & Isle of Wight, 1975-1979 [225]
- George Pickett, Confederate general at Gettysburg[226]
- Albert Pike, Confederate general, re-wrote rituals for Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction), author of Morals and Dogma, Western Star Lodge No. 2, Little Rock, Arkansas. Sovereign Grand Commander AASR, Southern Jurisdiction.[227]
- Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino writer, reformer, journalist, and revolutionary leader of the Philippine Revolution. Considered as the "Father of Philippine Masonry". Initiated in Spain in 1889 [228]
- Bronson Pinchot, Actor, Harford Lodge No. 445, Pennsylvania[229]
- John Pintard, founder of the New York Historical Society, The Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, New York[23]
- Scottie Pippen, Retired Chicago Bulls small forward #33 (1987–2004),[230]
- Augustus Le Plongeon, French Archaeologist. First to survey and excavate at Chitchen Itza.[231]
- Joel Roberts Poinsett, U.S. statesman, diplomat, physician and botanist.[71]
- James K. Polk, U.S. President. Initiated June 5, 1820, Columbia Lodge No. 31, Tennessee[35]
- Mariano Ponce, Filipino physician Initiated in Madrid and became Secretary of Logia Revoluccion and Logia Solidaridad 53. He also became a 33° A&AR mason under the auspices of the Gran Oriente Español.[232]
- Eugène Edine Pottier, French composer of the Internationale[233]
- William Preston, Author of Illustrations of Masonry.[234]
- Reynato Puno, Chief Justice of the Philippines, Grand Master of Masons, active member of Hiram Lodge No. 88, and the Grand Lodge of the Philippines[235][236][237]
- Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet. Lodge Ovid, Kischinev, 1821[35]
- Manuel L. Quezon, First president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. occupation rule in the early period of the 20th century. Raised March 17, 1908 at Sinukuan Lodge No. 272 (renamed Sinukuan Lodge No. 16). First Filipino Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands that was established in 1917.[238]
- Ion Heliade Rădulescu Romanian academic, poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician.[11]
- A. Philip Randolph, Joppa Lodge No. 55, NYC [239]
- Thomas Stamford Raffles, Raised July 5, 1813, Lodge De Vriendschap, Sourabaya[240]
- Nick Rahall (b. 1949), US representative from West Virginia[241]
- Sir Alf Ramsey, Manager of England World Cup winning football team, 1966; initiated into Waltham Abbey Lodge No. 2750 5 October 1953[101]
- Stanley F. Reed, US Associate Justice (1938–1957)[31]
- George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia, Lodge Centennial No. 169, UGL of New South Wales[193]
- Ed Rendell, Governor of Pennsylvania [242]
- Theodor Reuss, German occultist and head of O.T.O., Pilger Loge #238 (UGLE) 1878, and excluded from Freemasonry in 1880.[243]
- Paul Revere, American Revolutionary hero, St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, Massachusetts; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794-97.[35]
- Don Revie, England football team manager 1974-1977; initiated 1965 in Leodiensis Lodge, No 4029[101]
- Isabelo de los Reyes, Filipino politician and labor activist in.[244]
- Michael Richards, American Actor[245][246]
- Rafael del Riego, Spanish general and liberal politician[247]
- Charles Owen Leaver Riley, Anglican Archbishop, Grand Master of District Grand Lodge of Western Australia 1904-17, 1920-29.[248]
- Ringling Brothers (all seven of them), American circus promoters[249]
- Jose Rizal, Polymath and National Hero of the Philippines, Logia Solidaridad 53 Madrid, Spain; made honorary Worshipful Master of Nilad Lodge No. 144 in 1892[250]
- Will Rogers American political commontator and satirist, Claremore Lodge No. 53, OK[35]
- Roy Rogers, American actor, Hollywood Lodge No. 355, California[35][251]
- Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. President. Matinecock Lodge No. 806, Oyster Bay, New York[35]
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, U.S. President. Holland Lodge No. 8, New York[35]
- Félicien Rops Belgian artist[15]
- Edmundo Ros, Musician. Sprig of Acacia Lodge, Javea, Spain [252]
- Constantin Daniel Rosenthal Romanian painter and 1848 revolutionary.[11]
- C. A. Rosetti Romanian literary and political leader, participant in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848.[11]
- James Mayer Rothschild Financier, Initiated Oct. 24, 1802: Emulation Lodge No. 12, London[35]
- Archibald Hamilton Rowan, member of the Society of the United Irishmen[188]
- Manuel Roxas, was the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.[253]
- Alecu Russo Romanian writer, literary critic and publicist.[11]
- John Rutledge, Chief Justice of the United States (1795), Associate Justice (1789–1791)[31]
- William Byron Rumford, California legislator, Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Berkeley, California[254]
- Mihail Sadoveanu Romanian Novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, Grand Master from 1932.[11]
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, (1825–1903) Prime Minister of Spain[255]
- Leverett Saltonstall, Governor of Massachusetts, United States Senator from Massachusetts. Member, Fraternity Lodge, Newton, Massachusetts.[256]
- Jose de San Martin, Argentine hero from the Spanish Revolution[257]
- Augusto César Sandino Central American revolutionary and founder of the Nicaraguan Sandinistas [258]
- Antonio López de Santa Anna, (Santa Ana) Mexican general and President[8]
- Artur Santos, Portuguese politician, Mayor of Ourem during the Fatima apparitions[259]
- Lope K. Santos, Tagalog language writer from the Philippines. first Woshipful Master of Magat Lodge No. 68 in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.[260]
- Denis Sassou Nguesso, general and the president of the Republic of the Congo.[48]
- Philipp Gotthard of Schaffgotsch, Prince-Bishop of Breslau[261]
- Friedrich Schiller, Rudolstadt Lodge, Berlin[35]
- Richard Seddon, Longest serving Prime Minister of New Zealand (1893–1906), Grand Master of New Zealand (1898–1900)[262][263]
- Peter Sellers, actor, comedian, star of The Goon Show and The Pink Panther movie series, Chelsea Lodge No 3098, UGLE[198]
- Sir Ernest Shackleton, UK explorer[264]
- Heath Shuler, United States Congressman for North Carolina, Oconee Lodge 427.[265][266][267]
- Jean Sibelius, Composer, Suomi Lodge No. 1, Helsinki, Finland, 1922.[268] Wrote several pieces of interest to Masons including "Praising Hymn" and the "Ode to Fraternity."
- Sampson Simson, Lawyer and philanthropist[269]
- Richard Bernard "Red" Skelton, American comedian, Vincennes Lodge No. 1, Vincennes, Indiana[35][245]
- James Sloan, co-founder of the Orange Order[270]
- Joseph Smith, Jr., Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Nauvoo Lodge, Illinois[271]
- Joseph Smith, Sr., Mormon leader, Ontario Lodge No. 23 of Canandaigua, New York, 1818[272]
- Hyrum Smith, Mormon leader, Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112, Palmyra, New York[272]
- John Philip Sousa, Composer,[27] Hiram Lodge No. 10, Washington, D.C.[27]
- Sir Bernard Spilsbury, British forensic scientist.[98]
- Goswin de Stassart, Belgian statesman[15]
- Jock Stein, football manager of teams including Celtic F.C. and Scotland.[273]
- Stanisław Stempowski, Grand Master of the National Grand Lodge of Poland (1926–1928)[274]
- Potter Stewart, US Associate Justice (1958–1981)[31]
- W. Clement Stone, Businessman, philanthropist and self-help book author (1902–2002)[275]
- William Leete Stone, Sr., Journalist and historian. Author of works regarding Freemasonry and its opponents.[276]
- Joseph Story, US Associate Justice (1811–1845)[31]
- Philipp von Stosch, occultist, antiquarian and English spy.[277]
- William Stukeley, English archaeologist and antiquarian. Lodge at Salutation Tavern, London.[278]
- Alexandru Sturdza, Russian publicist and diplomat of Romanian origin.[11]
- Dimitrie Sturdza, four-time Prime Minister of Romania, president of the Romanian Academy (1882–1884).[11]
- Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sullivan of 'Gilbert and Sullivan',[127] and was also Grand Organist of the UGLE in 1887.[279]
- William A. Sutherland, California State Assemblyman (1910–1914)[280]
- Noah H. Swayne, US Associate Justice (1862–1881)[31]
- Alphonso Taft, U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of War. Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio
- William Howard Taft, U.S. President. Made a "Mason at sight" inside Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio, February 18, 1909 Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio[31][35]
- Mehmed Talat, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Initiated into Macedonia Risorta Lodge, Thessaloniki,1903. First Grand Master of Ottoman Grand Orient (1909–1910)[102][281]
- John Louis Taylor, First Chief Justice of North Carolina and Sixth and Tenth Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina.[282]
- Waller Taylor, first United States Senator from Indiana, Vincennes Lodge No. 1, Vincennes, Indiana[283]
- Christian Tell, Romanian politician, 1848 revolutionary, Mayor of Bucharest.[11]
- Dave Thomas, Founder of Wendy's, raised as a Master Mason in Sol. D. Bayless Lodge No. 359 Fort Wayne, Indiana. Received the 33rd Degree, N.M.J., on 16 November 1961, Fort Wayne, Indiana.[284]
- Strom Thurmond, US Senator from South Carolina and segregationist candidate for the United States presidency in 1948[285]
- John Tipton, American politician[286]
- Nicolae Titulescu, Romanian diplomat, government minister, President of the League of Nations.[11]
- Thomas Todd, US Associate Justice (1807–1826)[31]
- Robert Trimble, US Associate Justice (1826–1828). Union #16 in Paris, Kentucky[31]
- Harry S Truman, U.S. President, Belton Lodge No. 450, Belton, Missouri. Grand Master of Missouri, 1940-1941[287]
- Mark Twain, American author. Polar Star Lodge No. 79, A.F.& A.M., St. Louis, Missouri. (Suspended for non-payment of dues and later reinstated April 24, 1867. Demitted October 1867, but recorded as having visited Carson City Lodge U.D. in February and March 1868.)[288]
- Richard Tyson, American actor[289]
- Alexandru Vaida-Voevod three-time Prime Minister of Romania.[11]
- Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, Founder of the Belgian Liberal Party[15]
- Frederick M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (1946–1953)[31]
- Swami Vivekanada, Hindu Spiritual Leader[290]
- Traian Vuia Romainan inventor and early aviation pioneer.[11]
- Elijah Wadsworth, Major General of Ohio Militia War of 1812. Master of the Erie Lodge (later Western Star Lodge No. 21) in Ohio, 1813.[291]
- Arthur Edward Waite, writer on occult and esoteric matters, and Freemasonry[292]
- Rick Wakeman, musician - Member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098[90]
- John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward, British peer and politician. Grand Master, Grand Lodge of England[293]
- Harry M. Warner, Film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros.,[52] Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California[citation needed]
- Jack L. Warner, Film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros.,[52] Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California[citation needed]
- Samuel L. Warner, Film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros.,[52] Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California[citation needed]
- Sir Charles Warren, English archaeologist. Surveyor of Herod's Temple. Royal Lodge of Friendship No. 278, Gibraltar.[294]
- Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (1953–1969), Grand Master of California 1935 to 1936[31]
- Joseph Warren, American physician and major general during the American Revolutionary War, joined the Lodge of Saint Andrew in Boston, later serving as Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts.[295]
- George Washington General, Politician, and First President of the United States. Initiated in Fredericksburg VA, Past Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia.[296]
- John Wayne, American actor, Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56, Arizona[297]
- Thomas Smith Webb, New England Lodge No. 4, Worthington, Ohio, author of Freemason’s Monitor or Illustrations of Masonry, sometimes called the "Founding Father of the York or American Rite" for his efforts to promote that masonic body.[298][299]
- Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Illuminati[157]
- Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton, English politician, atheist and member of the Hellfire club [300]
- Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet, Apollo University Lodge No. 357, Oxford (UGLE)[301]
- John Wilkes, English politician and journalist [302]
- William IV, King of Great Britain, UGLE[98]
- James Wilson (Orangeman), co-founder of the Orange Order[270]
- Frederick Thomas Wimble, Australian politician and founding editor of the Cairns Post.[303]
- Jeff Winter, English football referee[304]
- Levi Woodbury, US Associate Justice (1845–1851)[31]
- William B. Woods, US Associate Justice (1881–1887)[31]
- Steve Wozniak Co-founder Apple Computers, Charity Lodge No. 362, Campbell, California[35]
- Christopher Wren, English architect, Master of Lodge Original, No. 1, now the Lodge of Antiquity No. 2,[305] "adopted" May 18, 1691[306]
- William Wyler, Film director and producer, Loyalty Lodge No. 529, California[52]
- Ed Wynn,[52] Lodge No. 9, Pennsylvania[citation needed]
- John Yarker - English occultist - 1° Lodge of Integrity No. 189 (later 163) Manchester, October 25, 1854, affiliated with Fidelity Lodge No. 623 April 27, 1855 - Expelled from the Ancient and Accepted Rite and demitted (from all regular Freemasonry), 1862[307]
- Duiliu Zamfirescu Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist.[11]
- Darryl F. Zanuck, Mt. Olive Lodge No. 506, California[52]
- Adolph Zukor, Film producer, Centennial Lodge No. 763, New York[52]
George Washington Thomas Jefferson…..Franklin D. Roosevelt…..
You will be amazed at how many when you start to look. These people nominate one another and they make all the decisions that we are not allowed to make for ourselves. We have been deceived just as the Jesus and Apostles have warned us.
We are at the end of times and it is time to wake up.
Search these names see what you find. They are all friend of their own organizations.
“President Roosevelt appointed eight Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, more than any other President except George Washington, who appointed ten. By 1941, eight of the nine Justices were Roosevelt appointees. Harlan Fiske Stone was elevated to Chief Justice from the position of Associate Justice by Roosevelt.
George Washington Appointees:
United States Supreme Court Justices Justice
Seat
State
Began active
service
Ended active
service
Blair, Jr., JohnJohn Blair, Jr.
Seat 3
Virginia
01789-09-30 September 30, 1789
01795-10-25 October 25, 1795 (Freemason)
Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase
Seat 3
Maryland
01796-01-27 January 27, 1796
01811-06-19 June 19, 1811
Cushing, WilliamWilliam Cushing
Seat 2
Massachusetts
01789-09-27 September 27, 1789
01810-09-13 September 13, 1810
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth
Chief Justice
Connecticut
01796-03-04 March 4, 1796
01800-09-30 September 30, 1800 (Freemason)
Iredell, JamesJames Iredell
Seat 5
North Carolina
01790-02-10 February 10, 1790
01799-10-20 October 20, 1799
Jay, JohnJohn Jay
Chief Justice
New York
01789-09-26 September 26, 1789
01795-06-29 June 29, 1795 (Freemason)
Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson
Seat 4
Maryland
01791-08-05 August 5, 1791
01793-01-16 January 16, 1793
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson
Seat 4
New Jersey
01793-03-04 March 4, 1793
01806-09-09 September 9, 1806 (Freemason)
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
Seat 4
South Carolina
01789-09-26 September 26, 1789
01791-03-05 March 5, 1791(Freemason)
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
Chief Justice
South Carolina
01795-07-01 July 1, 1795
01795-12-28 December 28, 1795 (Freemason)
Wilson, JamesJames Wilson
Seat 1
Pennsylvania
01789-09-29 September 29, 1789
01798-08-21 August 21, 1798 (Freemason)
Seven out of ten appointed one reappointed
Roosevelt Appointees:
Hugo Black– 1937 (Freemason)
Stanley Forman Reed– 1938 (Freemason)
Felix Frankfurter– 1939
William O. Douglas– 1939 (Freemason)
Frank Murphy– 1940 (Freemason)
Harlan Fiske Stone (Chief Justice) – 1941 (Freemason)
James Francis Byrnes– 1941 (Freemason)
Robert H. Jackson– 1941 (Freemason)
Wiley Blount Rutledge– 1943
Roosevelt's appointees would not share ideologies, and some, like Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter, would become "lifelong adversaries." Frankfurter even labeled his more liberal colleagues Rutledge, Murphy, Black, and Douglas as part of an "Axis" of opposition to his judicially conservative agenda.”(9)
Out of the 8 that he appointed 7 were members of the Freemasons.
This is clearly deception at work by our leaders of Government.
In September 1940, during the general election campaign, Truman was elected Grand Master of the Missouri Grand Lodge of Freemasonry. In November of that year, he defeated Kansas City State Senator Manvel H. Davis by over 40,000 votes and retained his Senate seat. Truman said later that the Masonic election assured his victory in the general election over State Senator Davis.
“Their tongue is a deadly arrow; it speaks deceitfully; with his mouth each speaks peace to his neighbor, but in his heart he plans an ambush for him.”(Jeremiah 9:8)
European influence in Afghanistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
History of Afghanistan
See also
Ariana · Khorasan
Timeline
Pre-Islamic period [show]
Bactria-Margiana (2200–1700 BC)
Kambojas (?-550 BC)
Median Empire (728–550 BC)
Achaemenids (550–330 BC)
Seleucids (330–150 BC)
Mauryans (305–180 BC)
Greco-Bactrians (256–125 BC)
Indo-Greeks (180–130 BC)
Indo-Scythians (Sakas) (155–80? BC)
Indo-Parthians (20 BC-50? AD)
Kushans (135 BC-248 AD)
Sassanids (230–565)
Indo-Sassanids (248–410)
Kidarites (320–465)
Hephthalites (410–557)
Kabul Shahi (565–879)
Islamic conquest [show]
Rashidun Caliphate (642–641)
Umayyads (661–750)
Abbasids (750–821)
Tahirids (821–873)
Saffarids (863–900))
Samanids (875–999)
Ghaznavids (963–1187)
Seljukids (1037–1194)
Khwarezmids (1077–1231)
Ghorids (1149–1212)
Ilkhanate (1258–1353)
Kartids (1245–1381)
Timurids (1370–1506)
Mughals (1501–1738)
Safavids (1510–1709)
Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738)
Afsharids (1738–1747)
Modern history [show]
Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
Barakzai dynasty (1826–1973)
Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
Democratic Republic (1978–1992)
Islamic State (1992–1996)
Islamic Emirate (1996–2001)
Islamic Republic (2001–)
Afghan Civil War
1979–1989
1989–1992
1992–1996
1996–2001
2001–present
Book · Category · Portal
The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political, social, and sometimes imperialistic influence several European nations have had on this historical development of Afghanistan.
Rise of Dost Mohammad Khan Main article: Emirate of Afghanistan
In 1823, with the end of the Durrani Empire, Dost Mohammad Khan became the Emir of Afghanistan. It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad Khan was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself the Shah.
Dost Mohammad Khan with one of his sons.
Dost Mohammad achieved prominence among his brothers through clever use of the support of his mother's Qizilbash[citation needed] tribesmen and his own youthful apprenticeship under his brother, Fateh Khan. Among the many problems he faced was repelling Sikh encroachment on the Pashtun areas east of the Khyber Pass. After working assiduously to establish control and stability in his domains around Kabul, the Shah next chose to confront the Sikhs.
In 1834 Dost Mohammad defeated an invasion by the former ruler, Shuja Shah Durrani, but his absence from Kabul gave the Sikhs the opportunity to expand westward. Ranjit Singh's forces occupied Peshawar, moving from there into territory ruled directly by Kabul. In 1836 Dost Mohammad's forces, under the command of his son Mohammad Akbar Khan, defeated the Sikhs at Jamrud, a post fifteen kilometres west of Peshawar. This was a pyrrhic victory and they failed to fully dislodge the Sikhs from Jamrud. The Afghan leader did not follow up this triumph by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead contacted Lord Auckland, the new British governor general in British India, for help in dealing with the Sikhs. With this letter, Dost Mohammad formally set the stage for British intervention in Afghanistan. At the heart of the Great Game lay the willingness of Britain and Russia to subdue, subvert, or subjugate the small independent states that lay between Russia and British India.
The Great Game Main article: The Great Game
Shuja Shah Durrani, sitting at his Palace inside the Bala Hissar in Kabul.
The British became the major power in the Indian sub-continent after the Treaty of Paris (1763) and began to show interest in Afghanistan as early as their 1809 treaty with Shuja Shah Durrani. It was the threat of the expanding Russian Empire beginning to push for an advantage in the Afghanistan region that placed pressure on British India, in what became known as the "Great Game". The Great Game set in motion the confrontation of the British and Russian empires, whose spheres of influence moved steadily closer to one another until they met in Afghanistan. It also involved Britain's repeated attempts to impose a puppet government in Kabul. The remainder of the 19th century saw greater European involvement in Afghanistan and her surrounding territories and heightened conflict among the ambitious local rulers as Afghanistan's fate played out globally.
The débâcle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to South Asia. In the early decades of the 19th century, it became clear to the British that the major threat to their interests in India would not come from the fragmented Afghan empire, the Iranians, or the French, but from the Russians, who had already begun a steady advance southward from the Caucasus.
At the same time, the Russians feared permanent British occupation in Central Asia as the British encroached northward, taking the Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir; later to become Pakistan. The British viewed Russia's absorption of the Caucasus, the Kyrgyz and Turkmen lands, the Khanate of Khiva, and the Emirate of Bukhara with equal suspicion as a threat to their interests in the Asian subcontinent.
Ghazni in early 1800s.
In addition to this rivalry between Britain and Russia, there were two specific reasons for British concern over Russia's intentions. First was the Russian influence at the Iranian court, which prompted the Russians to support Iran in its attempt to take Herat, historically the western gateway to Afghanistan and northern India. In 1837 Iran advanced on Herat with the support and advice of Russian officers. The second immediate reason was the presence in Kabul in 1837 of a Russian agent, Captain P. Vitkevich, who was ostensibly there, as was the British agent Alexander Burnes, for commercial discussions.
The British demanded that Dost Mohammad sever all contact with the Iranians and Russians, remove Vitkevich from Kabul, surrender all claims to Peshawar, and respect Peshawar's independence as well as that of Kandahar, which was under the control of his brothers at the time. In return, the British government intimated that it would ask Ranjit Singh to reconcile with the Afghans. When Auckland refused to put the agreement in writing, Dost Mohammad turned his back on the British and began negotiations with Vitkevich.
In 1838 Auckland, Ranjit Singh, and Shuja signed an agreement stating that Shuja would regain control of Kabul and Kandahar with the help of the British and Sikhs; he would accept Sikh rule of the former Afghan provinces already controlled by Ranjit Singh, and that Herat would remain independent. In practice, the plan replaced Dost Mohammad with a British figurehead whose autonomy would be as limited as that of other Indian princes.
It soon became apparent to the British that Sikh participation, advancing toward Kabul through the Khyber Pass while Shuja and the British advanced through Kandahar, would not be forthcoming. Auckland's plan in the spring of 1838 was for the Sikhs to place Shuja on the Afghan throne, with British support. By the end of the summer however, the plan had changed; now the British alone would impose the pliant Shuja Shah.
First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838-1842 Main article: First Anglo-Afghan War
The encampment of the troops led by General William Nott lay on the vast plain of Chaman-e-Shah. Kabul being in the distance.
To justify his plan, the Governor-General of India Lord Auckland issued the Simla Manifesto in October 1838, setting forth the necessary reasons for British intervention in Afghanistan. The manifesto stated that in order to ensure the welfare of India, the British must have a trustworthy ally on India's western frontier. The British pretense that their troops were merely supporting Shah Shuja's small army in retaking what was once his throne fooled no one. Although the Simla Manifesto stated that British troops would be withdrawn as soon as Shuja was installed in Kabul, Shuja's rule depended entirely on British arms to suppress rebellion and on British funds to buy the support of tribal chiefs. The British denied that they were invading Afghanistan, instead claiming they were merely supporting its legitimate Shuja government "against foreign interference and factious opposition".
In November 1841 insurrection and massacre flared up in Kabul. The British vacillated and disagreed and were beleaguered in their inadequate cantonments. The British negotiated with the most influential sirdars, cut off as they were by winter and insurgent tribes from any hope of relief. Muhammad Akbar Khan, son of the captive Dost Muhammad, arrived in Kabul and became effective leader of the sirdars. At a conference with them Sir William MacNaghten was killed, but in spite of this, the sirdars' demands were agreed to by the British and they withdrew. During the withdrawal they were attacked by Ghilzai tribesmen and in running battles through the snowbound passes nearly the entire column of 4,500 troops and 12,000 civilians were massacred. Of the British only one, Dr. William Brydon, reached Jalalabad, while a few others were captured.
Afghan forces loyal to Akbar Khan besieged the remaining British contingents at Kandahar, Ghazni and Jalalabad. Ghazni fell, but the other garrisons held out, and with the help of reinforcements from India their besiegers were defeated. While preparations were under way for a renewed advance on Kabul, the new Governor-General Lord Ellenborough ordered British forces to leave Afghanistan after securing the release of the prisoners from Kabul and taking reprisals. The forces from Kandahar and Jalalabad again defeated Akbar Khan, retook Ghazni and Kabul, inflicted widespread devastation and rescued the prisoners before withdrawing through the Khyber Pass.
Mid-nineteenth century
Sher Ali Khan with CD Charles Chamberlain and Sir Richard F. Pollock in 1869.
After months of chaos in Kabul, Mohammad Akbar Khan secured local control and in April 1843 his father Dost Mohammad, who had been released by the British, returned to the throne in Afghanistan. In the following decade, Dost Mohammad concentrated his efforts on reconquering Mazari Sharif, Konduz, Badakhshan, and Kandahar. Mohammad Akbar Khan died in 1845. During the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49), Dost Mohammad's last effort to take Peshawar failed.
By 1854 the British wanted to resume relations with Dost Mohammad, whom they had essentially ignored in the intervening twelve years. The 1855 Treaty of Peshawar reopened diplomatic relations, proclaimed respect for each side's territorial integrity, and pledged both sides as friends of each other's friends and enemies of each other's enemies.
In 1857 an addendum to the 1855 treaty permitted a British military mission to become a presence in Kandahar (but not Kabul) during a conflict with the Persians, who had attacked Herat in 1856. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, some British officials suggested restoring Peshawar to Dost Mohammad, in return for his support against the rebellious sepoys of the Bengal Army, but this view was rejected by British political officers on the North West frontier, who believed that Dost Mohammad would see this as a sign of weakness and turn against the British.[1]
In 1863 Dost Mohammad retook Herat with British acquiescence. A few months later, he died. Sher Ali Khan, his third son, and proclaimed successor, failed to recapture Kabul from his older brother, Mohammad Afzal (whose troops were led by his son, Abdur Rahman) until 1868, after which Abdur Rahman retreated across the Amu Darya and bided his time.
In the years immediately following the First Anglo-Afghan War, and especially after the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British in India, Liberal Party governments in London took a political view of Afghanistan as a buffer state. By the time Sher Ali had established control in Kabul in 1868, he found the British ready to support his regime with arms and funds, but nothing more. Over the next ten years, relations between the Afghan ruler and Britain deteriorated steadily. The Afghan ruler was worried about the southward encroachment of Russia, which by 1873 had taken over the lands of the khan, or ruler, of Khiva. Sher Ali sent an envoy seeking British advice and support. The previous year the British had signed an agreement with the Russians in which the latter agreed to respect the northern boundaries of Afghanistan and to view the territories of the Afghan amir as outside their sphere of influence. The British, however, refused to give any assurances to the disappointed Sher Ali.
Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878-1880 See also: Second Anglo-Afghan War
Mohammad Yaqub Khan with Britain's Sir Pierre Cavagnari on May 26, 1879, when the Treaty of Gandamak was signed.
After tension between Russia and Britain in Europe ended with the June 1878 Congress of Berlin, Russia turned its attention to Central Asia. That same summer, Russia sent an uninvited diplomatic mission to Kabul. Sher Ali tried, but failed, to keep them out. Russian envoys arrived in Kabul on 22 July 1878 and on 14 August, the British demanded that Sher Ali accept a British mission too.
The amir not only refused to receive a British mission but threatened to stop it if it were dispatched. Lord Lytton, the viceroy, ordered a diplomatic mission to set out for Kabul in September 1878 but the mission was turned back as it approached the eastern entrance of the Khyber Pass, triggering the Second Anglo-Afghan War. A British force of about 40,000 fighting men was distributed into military columns which penetrated Afghanistan at three different points. An alarmed Sher Ali attempted to appeal in person to the tsar for assistance, but unable to do so, he returned to Mazari Sharif, where he died on 21 February 1879.
Durban Maidan of Sherpur Cantonment in 1879.
With British forces occupying much of the country, Sher Ali's son and successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak in May 1879 to prevent a British invasion of the rest of the country. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to the British. British representatives were installed in Kabul and other locations, British control was extended to the Khyber and Michni passes, and Afghanistan ceded various frontier areas and Quetta to Britain. The British army then withdrew. Soon afterwards, an uprising in Kabul led to the slaughter of Britain’s Resident in Kabul, Sir Pierre Cavagnari and his guards and staff on 3 September 1879, provoking the second phase of the Second Afghan War. Major General Sir Frederick Roberts led the Kabul Field Force over the Shutargardan Pass into central Afghanistan, defeated the Afghan Army at Char Asiab on 6 October 1879 and occupied Kabul. Ghazi Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak staged an uprising and attacked British forces near Kabul in the Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment in December 1879, but his defeat there resulted in the collapse of this rebellion.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of Gandamak
Yaqub Khan, suspected of complicity in the massacre of Cavagnari and his staff, was obliged to abdicate. The British considered a number of possible political settlements, including partitioning Afghanistan between multiple rulers or placing Yaqub's brother Ayub Khan on the throne, but ultimately decided to install his cousin Abdur Rahman Khan as emir instead. Ayub Khan, who had been serving as governor of Herat, rose in revolt, defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Maiwand in July 1880 and besieged Kandahar. Roberts then led the main British force from Kabul and decisively defeated Ayub Khan in September at the Battle of Kandahar, bringing his rebellion to an end. Abdur Rahman had confirmed the Treaty of Gandamak, leaving the British in control of the territories ceded by Yaqub Khan and ensuring British control of Afghanistan's foreign policy in exchange for protection and a subsidy. Abandoning the provocative policy of maintaining a British resident in Kabul, but having achieved all their other objectives, the British withdrew.
The Iron Amir, 1880-1901
Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (The Iron Amir) in 1897.
As far as British interests were concerned, Abdur Rahman answered their prayers: a forceful, intelligent leader capable of welding his divided people into a state; and he was willing to accept limitations to his power imposed by British control of his country's foreign affairs and the British buffer state policy. His twenty-one-year reign was marked by efforts to modernize and establish control of the kingdom, whose boundaries were delineated by the two empires bordering it. Abdur Rahman turned his considerable energies to what evolved into the creation of the modern state of Afghanistan.
He achieved this consolidation of Afghanistan in three ways. He suppressed various rebellions and followed up his victories with harsh punishment, execution, and deportation. He broke the stronghold of Pashtun tribes by forcibly transplanting them. He transplanted his most powerful Pashtun enemies, the Ghilzai, and other tribes from southern and south-central Afghanistan to areas north of the Hindu Kush with predominantly non-Pashtun populations. The last non-Muslim Afghans of Kafiristan north of Kabul were forcefully converted to Islam. Finally, he created a system of provincial governorates different from old tribal boundaries. Provincial governors had a great deal of power in local matters, and an army was placed at their disposal to enforce tax collection and suppress dissent. Abdur Rahman kept a close eye on these governors, however, by creating an effective intelligence system. During his reign, tribal organization began to erode as provincial government officials allowed land to change hands outside the traditional clan and tribal limits.
In addition to forging a nation from the splintered regions comprising Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman tried to modernize his kingdom by forging a regular army and the first institutionalized bureaucracy. Despite his distinctly authoritarian personality, Abdur Rahman called for a loya jirga, an assemblage of royal princes, important notables, and religious leaders. According to his autobiography, Abdur Rahman had three goals: subjugating the tribes, extending government control through a strong, visible army, and reinforcing the power of the ruler and the royal family.
During his visit to Rawalpindi in 1885, the Amir requested the Viceroy of India to depute Muslim Envoy to Kabul having noble birth and of ruling family background. Mirza Atta Ullah Khan, Sardar Bahadur s/o Khan Bahadur Mirza Fakir Ullah Khan (Saman Burj Wazirabad), a direct descendent of Jarral Rajput Rajas of Rajauri was selected and approved by the Amir to be the British Envoy to Kabul.
Abdur Rahman also paid attention to technological advancement. He brought foreign physicians, engineers (especially for mining), geologists, and printers to Afghanistan. He imported European machinery and encouraged the establishment of small factories to manufacture soap, candles, and leather goods. He sought European technical advice on communications, transport, and irrigation. Local Afghan tribes strongly resisted this modernization. Workmen making roads had to be protected by the army against local warriors. Nonetheless, despite these sweeping internal policies, Abdur Rahman's foreign policy was completely in foreign hands.
Boundary of Afghanistan before the Durand Line Treaty of 1893.
The first important frontier dispute was the Panjdeh crisis of 1885, precipitated by Russian encroachment into Central Asia. Having seized the Merv (now Mary) Oasis by 1884, Russian forces were directly adjacent to Afghanistan. Claims to the Panjdeh Oasis were in debate, with the Russians keen to take over all the region's Turkoman domains. After battling Afghan forces in the spring of 1885, the Russians seized the oasis. Russian and British troops were quickly alerted, but the two powers reached a compromise; Russia was in possession of the oasis, and Britain believed it could keep the Russians from advancing any farther. Without an Afghan say in the matter, the Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission agreed the Russians would relinquish the farthest territory captured in their advance but retain Panjdeh. This agreement on these border sections delineated for Afghanistan a permanent northern frontier at the Amu Darya but also the loss of much territory, especially around Panjdeh.
The second section of Afghan border demarcated during Abdur Rahman's reign was in the Wakhan. The British insisted Abdur Rahman accept sovereignty over this remote region where unruly Kyrgyz held sway, he had no choice but to accept Britain's compromise. In 1895 and 1896 another Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission agreed on the frontier boundary to the far northeast of Afghanistan, which bordered Chinese territory (although the Chinese did not formally accept this as a boundary between the two countries until 1964.)
For Abdur Rahman, delineating the boundary with India (through the Pashtun area) was far more significant, and it was during his reign that the Durand Line was drawn. Under pressure, Abdur Rahman agreed in 1893 to accept a mission headed by the British Indian foreign secretary, Sir Mortimer Durand, to define the limits of British and Afghan control in the Pashtun territories. Boundary limits were agreed on by Durand and Abdur Rahman before the end of 1893, but there is some question about the degree to which Abdur Rahman willingly ceded certain regions. There were indications that he regarded the Durand Line as a delimitation of separate areas of political responsibility, not a permanent international frontier, and that he did not explicitly cede control over certain parts (such as Kurram and Chitral) that were already in British control under the Treaty of Gandamak.
The Durand Line cut through tribes and bore little relation to the realities of demography or military strategy. The line laid the foundation not for peace between the border regions, but for heated disagreement between the governments of Afghanistan and British India, and later, Afghanistan and Pakistan over what came to be known as the issue of Pashtunistan or 'Land of the Pashtuns'. (See Siege of Malakand).
The clearest manifestation that Abdur Rahman had established control in Afghanistan was the peaceful succession of his eldest son, Habibullah Khan, to the throne on his father's death in October 1901. Although Abdur Rahman had fathered many children, he groomed Habibullah to succeed him, and he made it difficult for his other sons to contest the succession by keeping power from them and sequestering them in Kabul under his control.
Freemason Habibullah Khan, 1901–1919
King Habibullah Khan, eldest son of Abur Rahman Khan.
Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman Khan's eldest son and child of a slave mother, kept a close watch on the palace intrigues revolving around his father's more distinguished wife (a granddaughter of Dost Mohammad), who sought the throne for her own son. Although made secure in his position as ruler by virtue of support from the army which was created by his father, Habibullah was not as domineering as Abdur Rahman. Consequently, the influence of religious leaders as well as that of Mahmud Tarzi, a cousin of the king, increased during his reign. Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms. Tarzi's passionate Afghan nationalism influenced a future generation of Asian reformers.
The boundary with Iran was firmly delineated in 1904, replacing the ambiguous line made by a British commission in 1872. Agreement could not be reached, however, on sharing the waters of the Helmand River.
Like all foreign policy developments of this period affecting Afghanistan, the conclusion of the "Great Game" between Russia and Britain occurred without the Afghan ruler's participation. The 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente (the Convention of St. Petersburg) not only divided the region into separate areas of Russian and British influence but also established foundations for Afghan neutrality. The convention provided for Russian acquiescence that Afghanistan was now outside this sphere of influence, and for Russia to consult directly with Britain on matters relating to Russian-Afghan relations. Britain, for its part, would not occupy or annex Afghan territory, or interfere in Afghanistan's internal affairs.
During World War I, Afghanistan remained neutral despite pressure to support Turkey when its sultan proclaimed his nation's participation in what it considered a holy war. Habibullah did, however, entertain a Indo-German-Turkish mission in Kabul in 1915 that had as its titular head the Indian nationalist Mahendra Pratap and was led by Oskar Niedermayer and the German legate Werner Otto von Hentig. After much procrastination, he won an agreement from the Central Powers for a huge payment and arms provision in exchange for attacking British India. But the crafty Afghan ruler clearly viewed the war as an opportunity to play one side off against the other, for he also offered the British to resist a Central Powers attack on India in exchange for an end to British control of Afghan foreign policy.
Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence Main article: Third Anglo-Afghan War
Amanullah's ten years of reign initiated a period of dramatic change in Afghanistan in both foreign and domestic politics. Amanullah declared full independence and sparked the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Amanullah altered foreign policy in his new relations with external powers and transformed domestic politics with his social, political, and economic reforms. Although his reign ended abruptly, he achieved some notable successes, and his efforts failed as much due to the centrifugal forces of tribal Afghanistan and the machinations of Russia and Britain as to any political folly on his part.
Amanullah came to power just as the entente between Russia and Britain broke down following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Once again Afghanistan provided a stage on which the great powers played out their schemes against one another. Keen to modernise his country and free it from foreign domination, Amanullah, sought to shore up his powerbase. Amidst intrigue in the Afghan court, and political and civil unrest in India, he sought to divert attention from the internal divisions of Afghanistan and unite all faction behind him by attacking the British.[2]
Using the civil unrest in India as an excuse to move troops to the Durand Line, Afghan troops crossed the border at the western end of the Khyber Pass on 3 May 1919 and occupied the village of Bagh, the scene of an earlier uprising in April.[3] In response, the Indian government ordered a full mobilisation and on 6 May 1919 declared war. For the British it had come at a time when they were still recovering from the First World War. The troops that were stationed in India were mainly reserves and Territorials, who were awaiting demobilisation and keen to return to Britain, whilst the few regular regiments that were available were tired and depleted from five years of fighting.[3]
Afghan forces achieved success in the initial days of the war, taking the British and Indians by surprise in two main thrusts as the Afghan regular army was joined by large numbers of Pashtun tribesmen from both sides of the border. A series of skirmishes then followed as the British and Indians recovered from their initial surprise. As a counter balance to deficiencies in manpower and morale, the British had a considerable advantage in terms of equipment, possessing machine guns, armoured cars, motor transport, wireless communications and aircraft and it was the latter that would prove decisive.[4]
British forces used airpower to shock the Afghans, and the King's home was directly attacked in what is the first case of aerial bombardment in Afghanistan’s history. The attacks played a key role in forcing an armistice but brought an angry rebuke from King Amanullah. He wrote: "It is a matter of great regret that the throwing of bombs by zeppelins on London was denounced as a most savage act and the bombardment of places of worship and sacred spots was considered a most abominable operation. While we now see with our own eyes that such operations were a habit which is prevalent among all civilized people of the west"[citation needed]
The fighting concluded in August 1919 and Britain virtually dictated the terms of the Rawalpindi Agreement, a temporary armistice that provided, on one somewhat ambiguous interpretation, for Afghan self-determination in foreign affairs.[5] Before final negotiations were concluded in 1921, however, Afghanistan had already begun to establish its own foreign policy without repercussions anyway, including diplomatic relations with the new government in the Soviet Union in 1919. During the 1920s, Afghanistan established diplomatic relations with most major countries.
Amanullah Khan, 1919–1929 Main articles: Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war and Kingdom of Afghanistan
King Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah Khan.
On 20 February 1919, Habibullah Khan was assassinated on a hunting trip. He had not declared a succession, but left his third son, Amanullah Khan, in charge in Kabul. Amanullah did have an older brother, Nasrullah Khan. But, because Amanullah controlled both the national treasury and the army, Amanullah was well situated to seize power. The army's support allowed Amanullah to suppress other claims and imprison those relatives who would not swear loyalty to him. Within a few months, the new amir had gained the allegiance of most tribal leaders and established control over the cities.
Amanullah Khan's reforms were heavily influenced by Europe. This came through the influence of Mahmud Tarzi, who was both Amanullah Khan's father-in-law and Foreign Minister. Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet, journalist, and diplomat, was a key figure that brought Western dress and etiquette to Afghanistan. He also fought for progressive reforms such as woman's rights, educational rights, and freedom of press. All of these influences, brought by Tarzi and others, were welcomed by Amanullah Khan.
In 1926, Amanullah ended the Emirate of Afghanistan and proclaimed the Kingdom of Afghanistan with himself as king.
In 1927 and 1928, King Amanullah Khan and his wife Soraya Tarzi visited Europe. On this trip they were honored and feted. In fact, in 1928 the King and Queen of Afghanistan received honorary degrees from Oxford University. This was an era when other Muslim nations, like Turkey and Egypt were also on the path to modernization. King Amanullah was so impressed with the social progress of Europe that he tried to implement them right away, this met with heavy resistance from the conservative sect and eventually lead to his demise.
Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his power to modernize the country. Amanullah created new cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the region and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict dress codes for women. He created a new capital city and increased trade with Europe and Asia. He also advanced a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms. This rapid modernization though, created a backlash, and a reactionary uprising known as the Khost rebellion which was suppressed in 1924.
After Amanullah travelled to Europe in late 1927, opposition to his rule increased. An uprising in Jalalabad culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted rather than resist. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated in favor of his brother, King Inayatullah Khan. On 17 January, Inayatullah abdicated and Habibullah Kalakani became the next ruler of Afghanistan and restored the emirate. However, his rule was short lived and, on 17 October 1929, Habibullah Kalakani was overthrown and replaced by King Nadir Khan.
After his abdication in 1929, Amanullah went into temporary exile in India. When he attempted to return to Afghanistan, he had little support from the people. From India, the ex-king traveled to Europe and settled in Italy, and later in Switzerland. Meanwhile, Nadir Khan made sure his return to Afghanistan was impossible by engaging in a propaganda war. Nadir Khan accused Amanullah Khan of kufr with his pro western policies.
Mohammed Zahir Shah, 1933–1973
A 1950s or 1960s record store in Afghanistan , showing the increasing Western influence at the time.
This section requires expansion.
In 1933, after the assassination of Nadir Khan, Mohammed Zahir Shah became king.
See also References 1. ^ *Allen, Charles (2000). Soldier Sahibs. Abacus. p. 283. ISBN 0-349-11456-0.
2. ^ Barthorp, p. 151
3. ^ a b Wilkinson-Latham & McBride, p. 23
4. ^ Barthorp, p. 152
5. ^ Balthorp, p. 157
- Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. The Afghans, pp. 245–334. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. ISBN 0-631-19841-5
- Barthorp, Michael. 2002. Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839-1947. Cassell. London. ISBN 0-304-36294-8
- Wilkinson-Latham, Robert & McBride, Angus. 1977. North-West Frontier 1837-1947. Men-at-Arms Series # 72. Osprey Publishing. London. ISBN 0-85045-275-9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Second Anglo-Afghan War
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Arithmetic on the Frontier
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
A Short Account of Afghanistan, its History, and our Dealings with it
- Encyclopedia Britannica - Anglo Afghan Wars
- The Afghan Wars 1839-42 and 1878-80 by Archibald Forbes, from Project Gutenberg
- Library of Congress - Country Study of Afghanistan
- U.S. Department of State Background Note on Afghanistan
- History of Afghanistan - By John Ford Shroder, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. (Archived 2009-10-31)
- Chronological History of Afghanistan
- History of Nations - Afghanistan
- The Rise of Dost Mohammad and the Beginning of the Great Game
- CIA World Factbook Afghanistan
- HISTORY: For Ages, Afghanistan Is Not Easily Conquered, New York Times, 9/18/2001
Categories: Anglo-Afghan Wars | History of Afghanistan | History of Pakistan | European rule in India | European colonisation in Asia
**********************************
Despotism
“Equality, rightly understood as our founding fathers understood it, leads to liberty and to the emancipation of creative differences; wrongly understood, as it has been so tragically in our time, it leads first to conformity and then to despotism.” Barry Goldwater
Goldwater's paternal grandparents, Michel and Sarah (Nathan) Goldwasser, had been married in the Great Synagogue of London.
United States Senator and Presidential nominee. For his son, see Barry Goldwater, Jr.
Barry Goldwater
Barry Goldwater
United States Senator
from Arizona
In office
January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1987
Preceded by
Carl Hayden
Succeeded by
John McCain
In office
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1965
Preceded by
Ernest McFarland
Succeeded by
Paul Fannin
Born
January 2, 1909(1909-01-02)
Phoenix, Arizona Territory, United States
Died
May 29, 1998(1998-05-29) (aged 89)
Paradise Valley, Arizona, United States
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Margaret Johnson (1934–1985)
Susan Shaffer Wechsler (1992–1998)
Children
Joanne
Barry
Michael
Peggy
Alma mater
University of Arizona
Profession
Businessman, politician
Religion
Episcopalian
Military service
Service/branch
United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force
Rank
Lieutenant Colonel
Major General
Battles/wars
World War II
Korean War
Biography portal
United States Air Force portal
World War II portal
Arizona portal
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909[1] – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure in the 1960–64 era, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought GOP primaries. Goldwater's fiscally conservative and socially moderate campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate [3] and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969, and specialized in defense policy, bringing to the table his experience as a senior officer in the Air Force Reserve. His greatest accomplishment was arguably the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, which restructured the higher levels of the Pentagon by increasing the power of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to direct military action. In 1974, as an elder statesman of the party, Goldwater successfully urged President Nixon to resign when the evidence of cover-up became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent. By the 1980s, the increasing influence of the Christian right on the Republican Party so conflicted with Goldwater's libertarian views that he became a vocal opponent of the religious right on issues such as gay rights and the role of religion in public life.
Quotations "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."
"The income tax created more criminals than any other single act of government."
“To disagree, one doesn't have to be disagreeable.”
“Equality, rightly understood as our founding fathers understood it, leads to liberty and to the emancipation of creative differences; wrongly understood, as it has been so tragically in our time, it leads first to conformity and then to despotism.”
“We cannot allow the American flag to be shot at anywhere on earth if we are to retain our respect and prestige.”
“Remember that a government big enough to give you everything you want is also big enough to take away everything you have.”
“To insist on strength is not war-mongering. It is peace-mongering.”
“It’s time America realized that there is no gay exemption in the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in the Declaration of Independence.”
"You don't need to be straight to fight and die for your country. You just need to shoot straight."
Goldwater's paternal grandparents, Michel and Sarah (Nathan) Goldwasser, had been married in the Great Synagogue of London.
The Great Synagogue of London was, for centuries, the centre of Ashkenazi synagogue and Jewish life in London. It was destroyed during World War II, in the Blitz.
- Genesis 10:3
The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
Genesis 10:2-4 (in Context) Genesis 10 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Chronicles 1:6
The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
1 Chronicles 1:5-7 (in Context) 1 Chronicles 1 (Whole Chapter) - Jeremiah 51:27
"Set up a standard on the earth; blow the trumpet among the nations; prepare the nations for war against her;summon against her the kingdoms, Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz;appoint a marshal against her; bring up horses like bristling locusts.
Jeremiah 51:26-28 (in Context) Jeremiah 51 (Whole Chapter)
History The earliest Ashkenazi synagogue constructed in London after the return of Jews to England in the 17th century was built about 1690 at Duke's Place, north of Aldgate. The congregation grew, and in 1722 a new building was erected with the cost being born by businessman and philanthropist, Moses Hart. An enlarged building, designed by George Dance the Elder, was consecrated in 1766.
Between 1788 and 1790, the third synagogue was built on the site. This building would stand until destroyed by the Germans in 1941. Unusually for the times, the principal donor was a woman, Judith Hart Levy, a descendant of Moses Hart. The architect was James Spiller. The building was in the classical style identified with Adam. It was redecorated and repaired in 1832 and 1852 by John Walen, and restored again with small renovations in 1899 and 1930.
The Royal Dukes of Cambridge, Cumberland, and Essex, sons of George III, visited the Great Synagogue of London in 1809. There were seated on elegant Egyptian revival chairs as they watched the religious service.
The synagogue was destroyed in the London Blitz on May 10, 1941.
Rabbis
Wash drawing of the Synagogue from Duke's Place, c. 1820
The Rabbis of the Great Synagogue, and their terms of office, included:
- Aaron Hart, 1704-1756
- Hart Lyon, 1758-1764
- David Tevele Schiff, 1765-1792
- Solomon Hirschell, 1802-1842
- Nathan Marcus Adler, 1845-1890
- Hermann Adler, 1890-1911
In art In 1819 an aquatint of the interior was drawn by Augustus Charles Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson, and originally published in the popular illustrated magazine of the period, Ackermann's Repository of Arts. Pugin drew a handsome representation of the Ionic columns supporting the balconies and the classical decoration of the building. Rowlandson drew caricatures of the congregants, with the hunched shoulders and exaggerated noses traditionally attributed to Jews.
This article is part of the
Politics series
Forms of government
List of government types
- Androcracy
- Anarchy
- Aristocracy
- Bureaucracy
- Communist state
- Confederation
- Corporatocracy
- Consociationalism
- Demarchy
- Democracy
- Consensus
- Consociationalism
- Deliberative democracy
- Democratic socialism
- Totalitarian democracy
- Direct democracy
- Egalitarianism
- Futarchy
- Industrial
- Open source governance
- Participatory democracy
- People's
- Pure
- Representative democracy
- Despotism
- Dictatorship
- Autarchy
- Autocracy
- Despotism
- Enlightened absolutism
- Military dictatorship
- Nazism
- Right-wing
- Stratocracy
- Authoritarianism
- Empire
- Ethnic democracy
- Ethnocracy
- Fascism
- Federation
- Feudalism
- Garrison state
- Gerontocracy
- Green state
- Hierocracy
- Isocracy
- Interregnum
- Kakistocracy
- Kratocracy
- Kleptocracy
- Kritarchy
- Kritocracy
- Kyriarchy
- Logocracy
- Matriarchy
- Mediocracy
- Meritocracy
- Minarchism
- Monarchy
- Absolute monarchy
- Constitutional monarchy
- Duchy
- Grand Duchy
- Diarchy
- Enlightened absolutism
- Elective monarchy
- Hereditary monarchy
- Non-Sovereign Monarchy
- Popular monarchy
- Principality
- New Monarchs
- Self-proclaimed monarchy
- Nanny state
- Nation-state
- Monocracy
- Nomocracy
- Noocracy
- Ochlocracy
- Oligarchy
- Panarchism
- Pantisocracy
- Paparchy
- Parliamentary
- Patriarchy
- Plutocracy
- Police state
- Polyarchy
- Presidential
- Puppet state
- Republic
- Slave state
- Socialist state
- Sociocracy
- Squirearchy
- Stratocracy
- Sultanism
- Superpower
- Supranational union
- Synarchy
- Technocracy
- Thalassocracy
- Theocracy
- Timocracy
- Tribal
- Tyranny
- Unitary state
- Welfare state
v · d · e
Despotism is a form of government in which a single entity, called the despot, rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy. The word despotism means to "rule in the fashion of a despot" and should not be confused with "despot", an individual.
Despot comes from the Greek despotes, which roughly means "master" or "one with power", and it has been used to translate a wide variety of titles and positions. It was used to describe the unlimited power and authority of the Pharaohs of Egypt, employed in the Byzantine court as a title of nobility, used by the rulers of Byzantine vassal states, and adopted as a title of the Byzantine Emperors. Thus, despot is found to have different meanings and interpretations at various times in history and can not be described by a single definition. This is similar to the other Greek titles basileus and autokrator, which, along with despot, have been used at various times to describe everything from a local chieftain to a simple ruler, king or emperor.
, while dictator tends to imply more harshness or unfair implementation of law. Colloquially, despot has been applied pejoratively to a person, particularity a head of state or government, who abuses his power and authority to oppress his people, subjects or subordinates. In this sense, it is similar to the pejorative connotations that have likewise arisen with the term tyrant. Dictator has also developed nearly similar pejorative connotations, though despot and tyrant tend to stress cruelty and even enjoyment therefrom
History In its classical form, despotism is a state where a single individual (the despot) wields all the power and authority embodying the state, and everyone else is a subsidiary person. This form of despotism was common in the first forms of statehood and civilization; the Pharaoh of Egypt is exemplary of the classical despot.
The term now implies tyrannical rule. Despotism can mean tyranny (dominance through threat of punishment and violence), or absolutism; or dictatorship (a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, not restricted by a constitution, laws or opposition, etc.).[1]
However, in enlightened absolutism (also known as benevolent despotism), which came to prominence in 18th century Europe, absolute monarchs used their authority to institute a number of reforms in the political systems and societies of their countries. This movement was quite probably triggered by the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu believed that despotism was an appropriate government for large states. Likewise, he believed that republics were suitable for small states and that monarchies were ideal for moderate-sized states.
Although the word has a pejorative meaning nowadays, it was once a legitimate title of office in the Byzantine Empire. Just as the word Byzantine is often used in a pejorative way, so the word despot now has equally negative connotations. In fact, Despot was an Imperial title, first used under Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) who created it for his appointed heir Alexius-Béla. According to Gyula Moravcsik, this title was a simple translation of Béla's Hungarian title úr, but other historians believe it comes from the ancient Greek despotes (literally, the master). In the Orthodox Liturgy, if celebrated in Greek, the priest is addressed by the deacon as Despot even today.
It was typically bestowed on sons-in-law and later sons of the Emperor and, beginning in the 13th century, it was bestowed to foreign princes. The Despot wore elaborate costumes similar to the Emperor's and had many privileges. Despots ruled over parts of the empire called Despotates.
In the United States Declaration of Independence, the British government is cited to have been reducing the American people under absolute despotism: "But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security".
Contrast with monarchy According to Montesquieu, the difference between monarchy and despotism is that in monarchy, a single person governs by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by his own will and caprice.
Lawlessness!!
List of deists
This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as deists, the belief in a God based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scripture or prophets. They have been selected for their influence on Deism, or for their fame in other areas.
- Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955), German theoretical physicist, one of the most prolific intellects in human history.[1]
- Al-Maʿarri (973 – 1058), was a blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer, and a controversial rationalist.[2]
- Antony Flew (1923 – 2010), British philosopher and prominent former atheist[3]
- Alexander Pope (1688 – 1744), English poet during the eighteenth century
- Adam Smith (1723 – 1790), Scottish Philosopher and economist, considered the father of modern economics[4]
- Ahmad Kasravi (1890 – 1946), Iranian linguist, historian, and reformer.[5]
- Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790), American polymath, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States[6]
- Brett Gurewitz (1962 – ), guitarist and songwriter for the American punk rock band Bad Religion[7]
- Cicero (106 BCE – 43 BCE), Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, philosopher, and Roman constitutionalist[8]
- David Hume (1711 – 1776), Scottish philosopher, one of the principal early philosophers of empiricism[9]
- Ethan Allen (1738 – 1789), early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader[10]
- Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583 – 1648), British soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher[11]
- Elihu Palmer (1764 – 1806), American author and advocate of deism[12]
- Frederick the Great (1712 – 1786), Prussian King from the Hohenzollern dynasty[13]
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729 – 1781), German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist, and art critic[14]
- George Washington (1732 – 1799), "Father of the Our Country", one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and the 1st President of the United States[15]
- Henrik Wergeland (1808 – 1845), Norwegian poet and theologist (by self-definition).
- John Toland (1670 – 1722), Irish philosopher, coined the term "pantheism"[16]
- John Locke (1632 – 1704), influential English philosopher in the field of empiricism[17]
- James Madison (1751 – 1836), "Father of the United States Constitution", one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and the 4th President of the United States[15]
- Lysander Spooner (1808 – 1887), American anarchist, philosopher and abolitionist[18]
- Maximilien Robespierre (1758 – 1794), French revolutionary and lawyer[19]
- Mark Twain (1835 – 1910), American author and humorist[20]
- Moses Mendelssohn (1729 – 1786), German philosopher influential in the Jewish Haskalah[21]
- Matthew Tindal (1657 – 1733), controversial English author whose works were influential on Enlightenment thinking[22]
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi or Rhazes (865 – 925), Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.[23]
- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821), French military and political leader[24]
- Paul Davies (1946 – ), British physicist and science writer and broadcaster [25]
- Thomas Jefferson, author of the United States Declaration of Independence, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and the 3rd President of the United States[26]
- Thomas Paine (1737 – 1809), English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States[27]
- Victor Hugo (1802 – 1885), French writer, artist, activist and statesman[28][20]
- William Hogarth (1697 – 1764), English painter, visual artist and pioneering cartoonist[30]
Deism (i/ˈdiːɪzəm/ US dict: dē′·ĭzm)[1][2] in the philosophy of religion is the standpoint that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is a creation and has a creator. Further the term often implies that this supreme being does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe. Deists typically reject supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending to assert that a god (or "the Supreme Architect") has a plan for the universe that this god does not alter by (regularly or ever) intervening in the affairs of human life. This idea is also known as the Clockwork universe theory, in which a god designs and builds the universe, but steps aside to let it run on its own. Deists believe in the existence of a god without any reliance on revealed religion, religious authority or holy books. Two main forms of deism currently exist: classical deism and modern deism.
The earliest known usage in print of the English term "deist" is 1621,[3] and "deism" is first found in a 1675 dictionary.[4][5] Deism became more prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment — especially in Britain, France, Ireland and North America — mostly among those raised as Christians who found they could not believe in supernatural miracles, the inerrancy of scriptures, or the Trinity, but who did believe in one God. The Founding Fathers of the United States were heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophies, and it is generally believed that many of them were deists.[6]
The Jefferson Bible, or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth as it is formally titled, was Thomas Jefferson's effort to extract the doctrine of Jesus by removing sections of the New Testament containing supernatural aspects as well as perceived misinterpretations he believed had been added by the Four Evangelists.[1][2]
Early draft
In an 1803 letter to Joseph Priestley, Jefferson states that he conceived the idea of writing his view of the "Christian System" in a conversation with Dr. Benjamin Rush during 1798–99. He proposes beginning with a review of the morals of the ancient philosophers, moving on to the "deism and ethics of the Jews," and concluding with the "principles of a pure deism" taught by Jesus, "omitting the question of his deity." Jefferson explains that he really doesn't have the time, and urges the task on Priestley as the person best equipped to accomplish the task.[3]
Jefferson accomplished a more limited goal in 1804 with “The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth,” the predecessor to Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth.[4] He described it in a letter to John Adams dated 13 October 1813:
“
In extracting the pure principles which he taught, we should have to strip off the artificial vestments in which they have been muffled by priests, who have travestied them into various forms, as instruments of riches and power to themselves. We must dismiss the Platonists and Plotinists, the Stagyrites and Gamalielites, the Eclectics, the Gnostics and Scholastics, their essences and emanations, their logos and demiurges, aeons and daemons, male and female, with a long train of … or, shall I say at once, of nonsense. We must reduce our volume to the simple evangelists, select, even from them, the very words only of Jesus, paring off the amphibologisms into which they have been led, by forgetting often, or not understanding, what had fallen from him, by giving their own misconceptions as his dicta, and expressing unintelligibly for others what they had not understood themselves. There will be found remaining the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man. I have performed this operation for my own use, by cutting verse by verse out of the printed book, and arranging the matter which is evidently his, and which is as easily distinguishable as diamonds in a dunghill. The result is an octavo of forty-six pages, of pure and unsophisticated doctrines. [3]
”
Jefferson frequently expressed discontent with this earlier version. The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth represents the fulfillment of his desire to produce a more carefully assembled edition.
Jefferson' Bible
Content
Using a razor, Jefferson cut and arranged selected verses from the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in chronological order, mingling excerpts from one text to those of another in order to create a single narrative. Thus he begins with Luke 2 and Luke 3, then follows with Mark 1 and Matthew 3. He provides a record of which verses he selected and of the order in which he arranged them in his “Table of the Texts from the Evangelists employed in this Narrative and of the order of their arrangement.”
The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth begins with an account of Jesus’s birth without references to angels, genealogy, or prophecy. Miracles, references to the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, and Jesus' resurrection are also absent from The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth .[5] It does however include references to Noah's Ark, the Great Flood, the Tribulation, and the Second Coming, as well as Heaven, Hell, and the Devil. The work ends with the words: “Now, in the place where He was crucified, there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. There laid they Jesus. And rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed.” These words correspond to the ending of John 19 in the Bible.
Publication history
After completion of the Life and Morals, about 1820, Jefferson shared it with a number of friends, but he never allowed it to be published during his lifetime.
The most complete form Jefferson produced was inherited by his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, and was published in 1895 by the National Museum in Washington.
The book was later published as a lithographic reproduction by an act of the United States Congress in 1904. For many years copies were given to new members of Congress.[6] The text is in the public domain and freely available on the Internet.
“I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, 19and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.”( Revelation 22:18-19)
"And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited."(Isaiah 24:21-24)
“The Pharisees, who were lovers of money, heard all these things, and they ridiculed him. 15 And he said to them, “You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts. For what is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God.”(Luke 16:14-15)
Using a razor, Jefferson cut and arranged selected verses from the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in chronological order, mingling excerpts from one text to those of another in order to create a single narrative. Thus he begins with Luke 2 and Luke 3, then follows with Mark 1 and Matthew 3. He provides a record of which verses he selected and of the order in which he arranged them in his “Table of the Texts from the Evangelists employed in this Narrative and of the order of their arrangement.”
The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth begins with an account of Jesus’s birth without references to angels, genealogy, or prophecy. Miracles, references to the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, and Jesus' resurrection are also absent from The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth .[5] It does however include references to Noah's Ark, the Great Flood, the Tribulation, and the Second Coming, as well as Heaven, Hell, and the Devil. The work ends with the words: “Now, in the place where He was crucified, there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. There laid they Jesus. And rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed.” These words correspond to the ending of John 19 in the Bible.
Publication history
After completion of the Life and Morals, about 1820, Jefferson shared it with a number of friends, but he never allowed it to be published during his lifetime.
The most complete form Jefferson produced was inherited by his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, and was published in 1895 by the National Museum in Washington.
The book was later published as a lithographic reproduction by an act of the United States Congress in 1904. For many years copies were given to new members of Congress.[6] The text is in the public domain and freely available on the Internet.
“I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, 19and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.”( Revelation 22:18-19)
"And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited."(Isaiah 24:21-24)
“The Pharisees, who were lovers of money, heard all these things, and they ridiculed him. 15 And he said to them, “You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts. For what is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God.”(Luke 16:14-15)
The Founding Fathers of the United States of America were "Deists"
Did not believe in the Trinity
Deism (i/ˈdiːɪzəm/ US dict: dē′·ĭzm)[1][2] in the philosophy of religion is the standpoint that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is a creation and has a creator. Further the term often implies that this supreme being does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe. Deists typically reject supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending to assert that a god (or "the Supreme Architect") has a plan for the universe that this god does not alter by (regularly or ever) intervening in the affairs of human life. This idea is also known as the Clockwork universe theory, in which a god designs and builds the universe, but steps aside to let it run on its own. Deists believe in the existence of a god without any reliance on revealed religion, religious authority or holy books. Two main forms of deism currently exist: classical deism and modern deism.
The earliest known usage in print of the English term "deist" is 1621,[3] and "deism" is first found in a 1675 dictionary.[4][5] Deism became more prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment — especially in Britain, France, Ireland and North America — mostly among those raised as Christians who found they could not believe in supernatural miracles, the inerrancy of scriptures, or the Trinity, but who did believe in one God. The Founding Fathers of the United States were heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophies, and it is generally believed that many of them were deists.[6]
The earliest known usage in print of the English term "deist" is 1621,[3] and "deism" is first found in a 1675 dictionary.[4][5] Deism became more prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment — especially in Britain, France, Ireland and North America — mostly among those raised as Christians who found they could not believe in supernatural miracles, the inerrancy of scriptures, or the Trinity, but who did believe in one God. The Founding Fathers of the United States were heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophies, and it is generally believed that many of them were deists.[6]
Jefferson's Bible
- 2 Peter 3:16
as he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures.
2 Peter 3:15-17 (in Context) 2 Peter 3 (Whole Chapter)
The Jefferson Bible, or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth as it is formally titled, was Thomas Jefferson's effort to extract the doctrine of Jesus by removing sections of the New Testament containing supernatural aspects as well as perceived misinterpretations he believed had been added by the Four Evangelists.[1][2]
Early draft
In an 1803 letter to Joseph Priestley, Jefferson states that he conceived the idea of writing his view of the "Christian System" in a conversation with Dr. Benjamin Rush during 1798–99. He proposes beginning with a review of the morals of the ancient philosophers, moving on to the "deism and ethics of the Jews," and concluding with the "principles of a pure deism" taught by Jesus, "omitting the question of his deity." Jefferson explains that he really doesn't have the time, and urges the task on Priestley as the person best equipped to accomplish the task.[3]
Jefferson accomplished a more limited goal in 1804 with “The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth,” the predecessor to Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth.[4] He described it in a letter to John Adams dated 13 October 1813:
“
In extracting the pure principles which he taught, we should have to strip off the artificial vestments in which they have been muffled by priests, who have travestied them into various forms, as instruments of riches and power to themselves. We must dismiss the Platonists and Plotinists, the Stagyrites and Gamalielites, the Eclectics, the Gnostics and Scholastics, their essences and emanations, their logos and demiurges, aeons and daemons, male and female, with a long train of … or, shall I say at once, of nonsense. We must reduce our volume to the simple evangelists, select, even from them, the very words only of Jesus, paring off the amphibologisms into which they have been led, by forgetting often, or not understanding, what had fallen from him, by giving their own misconceptions as his dicta, and expressing unintelligibly for others what they had not understood themselves. There will be found remaining the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man. I have performed this operation for my own use, by cutting verse by verse out of the printed book, and arranging the matter which is evidently his, and which is as easily distinguishable as diamonds in a dunghill. The result is an octavo of forty-six pages, of pure and unsophisticated doctrines. [3]
”
Jefferson frequently expressed discontent with this earlier version. The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth represents the fulfillment of his desire to produce a more carefully assembled edition.
Content
Using a razor, Jefferson cut and arranged selected verses from the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in chronological order, mingling excerpts from one text to those of another in order to create a single narrative. Thus he begins with Luke 2 and Luke 3, then follows with Mark 1 and Matthew 3. He provides a record of which verses he selected and of the order in which he arranged them in his “Table of the Texts from the Evangelists employed in this Narrative and of the order of their arrangement.”
The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth begins with an account of Jesus’s birth without references to angels, genealogy, or prophecy. Miracles, references to the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, and Jesus' resurrection are also absent from The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth .[5] It does however include references to Noah's Ark, the Great Flood, the Tribulation, and the Second Coming, as well as Heaven, Hell, and the Devil. The work ends with the words: “Now, in the place where He was crucified, there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. There laid they Jesus. And rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed.” These words correspond to the ending of John 19 in the Bible.
Publication history
After completion of the Life and Morals, about 1820, Jefferson shared it with a number of friends, but he never allowed it to be published during his lifetime.
The most complete form Jefferson produced was inherited by his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, and was published in 1895 by the National Museum in Washington.
The book was later published as a lithographic reproduction by an act of the United States Congress in 1904. For many years copies were given to new members of Congress.[6] The text is in the public domain and freely available on the Internet.
“as he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures. You therefore, beloved, knowing this before and, take care that you are not carried away with the error of lawless people and lose your own stability. ”(2 Peter 3:16-17)
“They were for the testing of Israel, to know whether Israel would obey the commandments of the LORD, which he commanded their fathers by the hand of Moses.”(Judges 3:4)
"Everything that I command you, you shall be careful to do. You shall not add to it or take from it.”(Deuteronomy 12:32)
“I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, 19and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.”( Revelation 22:18-19)
"And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited."(Isaiah 24:21-24)
“The Pharisees, who were lovers of money, heard all these things, and they ridiculed him. 15 And he said to them, “You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts. For what is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God.”(Luke 16:14-15)
Doctrine
- Job 11:4
For you say, 'My doctrine is pure,and I am clean in God’s eyes.'
Job 11:3-5 (in Context) Job 11 (Whole Chapter) - Matthew 15:9
in vain do they worship me,teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.'"
Matthew 15:8-10 (in Context) Matthew 15 (Whole Chapter) - Mark 7:7
in vain do they worship me,teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.'
Mark 7:6-8 (in Context) Mark 7 (Whole Chapter) - Romans 16:17
[ Final Instructions and Greetings ] I appeal to you, brothers, to watch out for those who cause divisions and create obstacles contrary to the doctrine that you have been taught; avoid them.
Romans 16:16-18 (in Context) Romans 16 (Whole Chapter) - Ephesians 4:14
so that we may no longer be children, tossed to and fro by the waves and carried about by every wind of doctrine, by human cunning, by craftiness in deceitful schemes.
Ephesians 4:13-15 (in Context) Ephesians 4 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Timothy 1:3
[ Warning Against False Teachers ] As I urged you when I was going to Macedonia, remain at Ephesus so that you may charge certain persons not to teach any different doctrine,
1 Timothy 1:2-4 (in Context) 1 Timothy 1 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Timothy 1:10
the sexually immoral, men who practice homosexuality, enslavers, liars, perjurers, and whatever else is contrary to sound doctrine,
1 Timothy 1:9-11 (in Context) 1 Timothy 1 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Timothy 4:6
[ A Good Servant of Christ Jesus ] If you put these things before the brothers, you will be a good servant of Christ Jesus, being trained in the words of the faith and of the good doctrine that you have followed.
1 Timothy 4:5-7 (in Context) 1 Timothy 4 (Whole Chapter) - 1 Timothy 6:3
If anyone teaches a different doctrine and does not agree with the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and the teaching that accords with godliness,
1 Timothy 6:2-4 (in Context) 1 Timothy 6 (Whole Chapter) - Titus 1:9
He must hold firm to the trustworthy word as taught, so that he may be able to give instruction in sound doctrine and also to rebuke those who contradict it.
Titus 1:8-10 (in Context) Titus 1 (Whole Chapter) - Titus 2:1
[ Teach Sound Doctrine ] But as for you, teach what accords with sound doctrine.
Titus 2:1-3 (in Context) Titus 2 (Whole Chapter) - Titus 2:10
not pilfering, but showing all good faith, so that in everything they may adorn the doctrine of God our Savior.
Titus 2:9-11 (in Context) Titus 2 (Whole Chapter) - Hebrews 6:1
Therefore let us leave the elementary doctrine of Christ and go on to maturity, not laying again a foundation of repentance from dead works and of faith toward God,
Hebrews 6:1-3 (in Context) Hebrews 6 (Whole Chapter)